When do the frontal sinuses develop?
Ages 8-10
Where are the frontal sinuses?
At the eyebrow level
Where are the maxillary sinuses?
On each side of the nose at the cheek bones
What part of the nose do you press on to test for nasal obstruction?
Ala Nasi
If there is tenderness with pressure on the tip of the nose, what could that indicate?
Local infection - furuncle
What is exudate?
White patches usually on the tonsils
How should the tympanic membrane look?
Translucent
Allergic Rhinitis
Inflammation in the nose caused by an allergen
Rhinorrhea
Runny nose - clear discharge
Anterior epistaxis
Anterior nosebleed - most common
- Affects kiesselbach’s plexus
Posterior epistaxis
Posterior nosebleed - more severe
- Affects posterolateral branches of sphenopalatine artery
Tonsilitis
Inflammation of the tonsils
Infectious mononucleosis is caused by?
Epstein Barr Virus
Triad of symptoms for Infectious Mononucleosis?
Fever
Sore throat
Lymphadenopathy
Pharyngitis
Sore throat with inflammation of pharynx
Lymphadenopathy
Enlarged lymph nodes
Viral pharyngitis symptoms
Hoarseness, low fever, fatigue, conjunctivitis
What causes Streptococcal pharyngitis?
Group A Beta Hemolytic Streptococcus
Symptoms of Streptococcal Pharyngitis?
Sore throat Headache Fever and fatigue Tonsillar EXUDATE NO COUGH
What ages are at the highest likely hood for Streptococcal Pharyngitis?
5-15
Acute Otitis Media
Inflammation of middle ear due to bacteria or virus
- Red and bulging
Acute Suppurative Otitis Media
Acute Otitis Media with PURULENT material (milky fluid)
Otitis Media with Effusion
Inflammation and SEROUS fluid buildup but NO INFECTION
When may Otitis Media with Effusion present?
After an ear infection has resolved
Blockage of Eustachian tubes
How long is chronic?
More than 6 weeks
Chronic Otitis Media with Effusion
Fluid remains in the middle ear
If chronic otitis media with effusion persists, what is more likely to happen?
More ear infections and hearing problems
Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media and what it results in?
Persistent ear infection that results in TEARING OF EARDRUM
What can cause Otitis Externa?
Bacteria enters break in skin of ear canal
Symptoms of Otitis Externa?
Drainage from ear and pain with touching of ear
Otosclerosis
Abnormal bone growth around stapes bone
Progressive hearing loss from ages 10-30 and more common in females than males?
Otosclerosis
Weber test
Tuning fork on top of head and should be heard equally in both ears
If weber test lateralizes to affected ear?
Conductive loss of that ear
If weber test lateralizes to opposite of affected ear?
Sensorineural loss of opposite ear
Rinne test
Tuning fork on mastoid process, wait until they cannot hear it anymore and then move it to their external ear and see how long they can hear it
Normal Rinne test results
Air conduction»_space; Bone conduction
Abnormal Rinne test results suggest?
Conductive hearing loss
Bone conduction > Air conduction
Sinusitis
Inflamed mucosal lining of nasal cavity
Symptoms of Sinusitis?
Congestion, cough, sneeze, fever, facial pain, headache
If Sinusitis symptoms persist for more than 10 days and with purulent rhinorrhea?
Bacterial sinusitis
Croup
Inflammation of larynx in children with a barking cough
Epiglottitis
Inflammation of epiglottis
Symptoms of Epiglottitis
Rapid onset: Sore throat, muffled voice, drooling, leaning forward
What should you do if Epiglottitis is suspected?
PROTECT AIRWAY - intubate if necessary
Eustachian tube dysfunction
Tube is inflamed and fluid accumulates
- may cause vertigo
Vertigo
Dizziness
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV)
Dizziness by changing head position
How do you diagnose BPPV?
Dix Hallpike
Describe the Dix Hallpike Maneuver
Patient seated - rotate head 60 degrees and extend 20 degrees
– Quickly lay the patient down on their back with head in same position
(+) = nystagmus == BPPV
What is the treatment for Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo?
Epley Maneuver
Vestibular Neuritis
Inflammation of nerve - dizziness but NO loss of hearing
Labyrinthitis
Inflammation of both nerves - dizziness AND loss of hearing/hearing changes
Meniere’s Disease
Episodes of dizziness, fluctuating hearing loss