Approach to cardiac disease - small animals Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in Approach to cardiac disease - small animals Deck (16)
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1
Q

T/F: most dogs have sinus arrhythmia when relaxed

A

true

2
Q

What is aerophagia?

A

a state when an animal is severely dyspnoiec and become so desperate for air that they swallow air and get a gasey stomach.

3
Q

What does percutal (glyceryl trinitrate ointment) do?

A

it is a nitrate vasodilator

4
Q

What does an increased LA:Ao ratio suggest?

A

LA enlargement

5
Q

What signs often accompany bacterial endocarditis?

A

systemically unwell, lameness common

6
Q

What is the FS% in DCM generally?

A

well below 25%

7
Q

Define cardiac cachexia

A

muscle loss due to late stage of long standing HF

8
Q

What does progressive intensification of HF drug therapy tend to lead to?

A

renal failure since drugs reduce renal perfusion which causes their efficacy to be compromised.

9
Q

What are characteristics of an innocent murmur?4

A
  • usually audible over the outflow vessels (HB)
  • grade 2-3/6
  • left heart base systolic murmur
  • diminishes in intensity with age (typically disappear by 6 months old)
10
Q

What are characteristics of non-innocent murmurs? 5

A
  • > grade 3/6
  • audible in diastle
  • audible at a location other than the left heart base
  • other CS
  • persist or become louder with age.
11
Q

Which congenital condition has a continuous murmur?

A

PDA

12
Q

What are the 3 typical final common pathways of congenital heart disease?

A
  • volume load (one or more chambers)
  • pressure load (one or more chambers)
  • cause left to right shunting (typically also pressure load the RV)
13
Q

2 diagnostic tests to definitively diagnose a PDA

A
  • doppler echo

- selective angiography

14
Q

When is the ‘3 knuckle’ appearance seen on a radiograph?

A

on some dogs with PDA

15
Q

What is the ‘3 knuckle’ appearance?

A

Seen on a DV radiograph in some dogs with a PDA. It signifies an enlarged Ao, PA and LA.

16
Q

What can you do with a PDA case?

A
  • surgical ligation of PDA

- angiography and trans-catheter occlusion of the PDA.