Application of reproduction and genetics Flashcards

1
Q

What is the human genome project

A

A project aiming to map the entire human genome to establish the location of genes and how they interact

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2
Q

How has gene editing been used in mosquitos

A

Mosquitos have been edited so they cannot carry plasmodium and cause malaria

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3
Q

Name methods of genetic screening

A

Chorionic villus sampling
Amniocentesis
Blood tests

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4
Q

Ethical arguments for genetic engineering in humans

A

Reduce frequency of disease

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5
Q

Ethical arguments against genetic engineering in humans

A

Could be exploited for cosmetic reasons
High mortality rate
Playing God
Expensive - makes it elitest

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6
Q

Ethical arguments for pre-natal screening

A

Reduce disease

Reduce treatment costs for disease sufferers

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7
Q

Ethical arguments against pre-natal screening

A

Ownership of genetic data debate
Social stigmatism
Cost
Disease is a density dependant population control mechanism

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8
Q

Name some uses for PCR

A

HIV tests
Researching evolutionary relationships
Genetic testing
tissue typing for organ transplants

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9
Q

How is genetic engineering performed

A

A restriction endonuclease enzyme cuts the DNA leaving behind sticky ends. New DNA is attached to the sticky ends using DNA ligase enzymes

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10
Q

How can genetic engineering be performed more efficiently

A

Using mRNA and reverse transcriptase so it doesn’t use introns

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11
Q

Advantages of GM crops

A

Saves money by increasing yield
Improved shelf life/nutritional value
More tolerant crops
Increased growth rate

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12
Q

Disadvantages of GM crops

A

Risk of cross pollination with non-GM plants
No long-term safety trials
‘Superweeds’ and ‘superpests’
Its possible to select plants with beneficial characteristics to breed without GM

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13
Q

How does cell culture

A

Inducing living cells to grow on a synthetic framework by isolating them and allowing them to grow in aa controlled medium

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14
Q

What is cell culture used for

A

To make skin grafts, tissues and organs

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15
Q

What are the three types of stem cells and what can they form

A

Totipotent (embryonic) - any cell
Pluripotent (embryonic) - most cells
Unipotent (adult) - one type of cell

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16
Q

How do you clone stem cells

A

A mature cell and ovum have their nuclei removed
Mature cell nucleus implanted into ovum
Ovum cells divide to form ball of stem cells
Stem cells isolated and cultured

17
Q

What is germ-line gene therapy

A

Genes replaced in blastocyst, all cells are affected and changes are heritable

18
Q

What is somatic gene therapy

A

Only affected cells genes are changed and changes are non-heritable