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+ CAPS 391 > Appendicular Skeleton > Flashcards

Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many bones is the upper limb skeleton composed of?

A

32 bones on each side

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2
Q

What is the upper limb skeleton appended to the axial skeleton by?

A

pectoral girdle (shoulder girdle)

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3
Q

What does the pectoral girdle consist of?

A

clavicle + scapula

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4
Q

clavicle (collar bone)

A

S-shaped long bone that articulates upper limb to axial skeleton

  • has two ends and a body (shaft)
  • subcutaneous – palpable throughout its length
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5
Q

What are the two curves along the body of the clavicle?

A
  • medial curve is convex anteriorly

- lateral curve is concave anteriorly

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6
Q

Which end of the clavicle is relatively rounded?

A

medial (sternal) end

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7
Q

Which end of the clavicle is flattened?

A

lateral (acromial) end

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8
Q

scapula (shoulder blade)

A

flat triangular bone overlying ribs II to VII on posterolateral aspect of thorax

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9
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the scapula?

A

subscapular fossa - ANTERIOR surface, concave

POSTERIOR surface is divided into supraspinous fossa and infraspinous fossa by spine of scapula (bony ridge)

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10
Q

What are the 3 borders of the scapula?

A

lateral, medial, and superior

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11
Q

What are the 3 angles of the scapula?

A

superior, inferior, and lateral

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12
Q

What does the lateral angle of the scapula carry?

A

glenoid cavity (fossa)

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13
Q

What is the glenoid cavity (fossa)?

A

oval articular surface which articulates with head of humerus

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14
Q

Where is the supraglenoid tubercle?

A

located superior to glenoid cavity

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15
Q

Where is the infraglenoid tubercle?

A

located inferior to glenoid cavity

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16
Q

What are the 2 processes of the scapula?

A

acromion - (flat bony plate) formed from lateral extension of spine of scapula

coracoid - beak-like bony projection on superior border of scapula that points anteriorly and laterally

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17
Q

humerus (arm bone)

A

long bone consisting of proximal end, body (shaft), and distal end

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18
Q

What is the proximal end of the humerus composed of? (5)

A

head
anatomical neck
greater and lesser tubercles
surgical neck

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19
Q

What is the head of the humerus?

A

smooth spherical surface directed medially and superiorly

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20
Q

What is the anatomical neck of the humerus?

A

narrow part immediately below head

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21
Q

What are the greater and lesser tubercles of the humerus?

A

two bony prominences below anatomical neck

separated by intertubercular (bicipital) groove (vertical groove)

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22
Q

What is the surgical neck of the humerus?

A

narrow part of proximal end directly distal to greater and lesser tubercles

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23
Q

What is the most frequently fractured region of the proximal end of the humerus?

A

surgical neck

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24
Q

How many bones is the lower limb skeleton composed of?

A

31 on each side

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25
Q

What is the lower limb skeleton appended to the axial skeleton by?

A

pelvic girdle

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26
Q

hip (coxal) bone

A

flat bone that transfers body weight to lower limbs

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27
Q

What are the 3 parts of the hip bone?

A

ilium, ischium, and pubis

all fuse together in acetabulum (cup-like cavity)

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28
Q

What are the 2 surfaces of the hip bone?

A

lateral - presents gluteal surface, acetabulum, and obturator foramen from superior to inferior

medial - divided by medial border of the bone into two parts (superior and inferior parts)

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29
Q

What does the superior part of the medial surface of the hip bone carry?

A

carries iliac fossa anteriorly, and auricular surface posteriorly

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30
Q

What does the inferior part of the medial surface of the hip bone carry?

A

carries obturator foramen that in life is almost completely sealed by fibrous membrane (obturator membrane)

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31
Q

What are the 5 borders of the hip bone?

A

superior, inferior, anterior, posterior, and medial

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32
Q

Where is the superior border (iliac crest) of the hip bone?

A

ends anteriorly to anterior superior iliac spine, and posteriorly to posterior superior iliac spine

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33
Q

What are the features of the anterior border of the hip bone?

A

(from superior to inferior)

  • anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
  • anterior inferior iliac spine (AIIS)
  • superior pubic ramus
  • pubic tubercle
  • pubic crest
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34
Q

What is the inferior border of the hip bone formed by?

A

ischiopubic ramus that extends between pubic body and ischial tuberosity

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35
Q

What are the features of the posterior border of the hip bone?

A

(from superior to inferior)

  • posterior superior iliac spine (PSIS)
  • posterior inferior iliac spine (PIIS)
  • greater sciatic notch
    ischial spine
  • lesser sciatic notch
  • ischial tuberosity
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36
Q

Does the hip bone contain a foramen?

A

yes - obturator

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37
Q

Does the hip bone have a cavity?

A

yes - acetabulum

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38
Q

bony pelvis

A

resembles big funnel formed by 4 bones (right and left hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx)

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39
Q

What 4 bones form the bony pelvis?

A

right hip bone
left hip bone
sacrum
coccyx

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40
Q

How is the bony pelvis divided?

A

divided into false and true pelvises by superior pelvic aperture (inlet)

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41
Q

What is the superior pelvic aperture (inlet or pelvic brim)?

What is it formed by? (6)

A

round or oval bony ring formed from posterior to anterior by:

  • promontory of sacrum
  • sacral ale
  • medial border of left and right hip bones
  • superior public rami
  • pubic crests of left and right pubic bones
  • pubic symphysis
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42
Q

What is the inferior pelvic aperture (outlet)?

What is it formed by? (6)

A

diamond-shaped opening formed from posterior to anterior by:

  • coccyx
  • sacrotuberous ligaments
  • ischiopubic rami
  • pubic symphysis
43
Q

What is the false pelvis?

What is the false pelvis bounded by?

It contains parts of ____ system.

A

part of bony pelvis located above superior pelvic aperture

bounded by iliac fossa on each side

contains parts of digestive system

44
Q

Where is the true pelvis?

What is the true pelvis bounded by?

It contains parts of ____ system.

A

located between superior and inferior pelvic apertures

bounded by pelvic surfaces of pubic, ischium, obturator membrane, sacrum, and coccyx

mostly contains parts of urinary and reproductive systems

45
Q

femur

A

longest bone in human body

consists of proximal end, body (shaft), and distal end

46
Q

What does the proximal end of the femur present? (3)

A
  • head (spherical articular surface)
  • neck (cylindrical narrow part)
  • lesser trochanter and greater trochanter (two bony projections)
47
Q

What are trochanters of the proximal end of the femur connected together by?

A

intertrochanteric line anteriorly, and intertrochanteric crest posteriorly

48
Q

quadrate tubercle (of the proximal end of the femur)

A

bony prominence on intertrochanteric crest

49
Q

Describe the body of the femur.

A

almost cylindrical

has linea aspera

50
Q

linea aspera of body of femur

A

prominent posterior border, rough line

51
Q

What is the gluteal tuberosity formed by?

of body of femur

A

formed by lateral extension of proximal end of linea aspera, towards the greater trochanter

52
Q

What does the distal end of the femur have?

A

two condyles (medial and lateral) that carry articular surfaces, and are separated by patellar surface anteriorly, and U-shaped intercondylar notch posteriorly

53
Q

What is the epicondyle?

of distal end of femur

A

(medial and lateral) bony projection on each side of distal end and superior to condyles

54
Q

Where is the adductor tubercle?

of distal end of femur

A

located above medial epicondyle

55
Q

patella (knee cap)

A

largest sesamoid bone embedded within quadriceps muscle tendon in front of knee joint

triangular bone with its apex pointing inferiorly

56
Q

What are the 3 surfaces of the patella?

A

anterior and posterior surface

57
Q

What does the posterior surface of the patella articulate with?

A

posterior surface carries articular surface to articulate with patellar surface of femur

58
Q

tibia

A

long bone on medial side of leg, consisting of proximal end, body (shaft), and distal end

59
Q

What does the proximal end of the tibia possess?

A
  • two condyles (medial and lateral)

- tibial tuberosity (bony elevation on anterior surface)

60
Q

What is the tibial tuberosity?

A

bony elevation on anterior surface of tibia

61
Q

What do tibial condyles carry?

A

carry articular surfaces on their superior aspects (tibial plates), which are separated by intercondylar eminence

62
Q

Describe the body of the tibia.

A

triangular in cross-section, therefore has three borders and three surfaces

63
Q

How many borders and surfaces does the tibia have?

What are they?

A

3 borders, 3 surfaces

  • interosseous border (lateral border)
  • anterior border and medial surface are both palpable through skin
  • posterior surface carries soleal line (rough line) on its upper half
64
Q

What does the distal end of the tibia have on its medial side?

What does the distal end of the tibia have on its lateral side?

A

medial malleolus (bony projection) on its medial side

fibular notch (notch) on its lateral side

65
Q

fibula

A

long slender bone on lateral side of leg, consisting of proximal end, body (shaft), and distal end

66
Q

What does the proximal end of the fibula carry?

A

head and neck of the bone

67
Q

Describe the body of the fibula.

A

twisted longitudinally, and its medial border is called interosseous border

68
Q

What does the distal end of the fibula enlarge to form?

A

lateral malleolus

69
Q

What are the 3 regions of the foot in which foot bones are located?

A

tarsus, metatarsus, and phalanges (digits)

70
Q

tarsal bones

A

short, 7 in number and arranged in three groups (proximal, middle, distal)

71
Q

What does the proximal group of the tarsal bones include?

A

calcaneus (largest tarsal bone that forms head of foot)

talus (has head, neck, and body from anterior to posterior)

72
Q

What does the middle group of the tarsal bones include?

A

navicular bone

73
Q

What does the distal group of the tarsal bones include?

A

cuboid

cuneiforms (medial, intermediate, and lateral)

74
Q

calcaneus

A

largest tarsal bone that forms head of foot

75
Q

metatarsal bones

A

similar to metacarpal bones; small long bones numbered from medial to lateral

76
Q

What does each metatarsal bone consist of?

A

proximal end (base), body (shaft), and distal end (head)

77
Q

How many phalanges does each toe have?

A

3 (proximal, middle, distal)

78
Q

How many phalanges does the big toe have?

A

2 (proximal and distal)

79
Q

What features does the humerus of the body have? (2)

A

deltoid tuberosity

radial (spiral groove)

80
Q

What is the deltoid tuberosity of the body of the humerus?

A

flat bony elevation on lateral side of body

81
Q

What is the distal end of the humerus composed of? (9)

A
  • capitulum
  • trochlea
  • lateral and medial epicondyles
  • lateral and medial supracondylar ridges
  • radial fossa
  • coronoid fossa
  • olecranon fossa
82
Q

What is the capitulum of the distal end of the humerus?

A

rounded articular surface on lateral side

83
Q

What is the trochlea of the distal end of the humerus?

A

pulley-shaped articular surface on medial side

84
Q

What are the medial and lateral epicondyles of the distal end of the humerus?

A

two prominent bony elevations located adjacent and proximal to capitulum and trochlea, respectively

85
Q

What are the lateral and medial supracondylar ridges of the distal end of the humerus?

A

two sharp bony ridges proximal to medial and lateral epicondyles, respectively

86
Q

What is the radial fossa of the distal end of the humerus?

A

superior to capitulum on anterior aspect

87
Q

What is the coronoid fossa of the distal end of the humerus?

A

superior to trochlea on anterior aspect

88
Q

What is the olecranon of the distal end of the humerus?

A

superior to trochlea on posterior aspect

89
Q

What is the radius?

A

long bone on lateral side of forearm

composed of body (shaft), proximal end, distal end

90
Q

What does the proximal end of the radius have? (3)

A 
short cylindrical head
narrow neck
radial tuberosity (from superior to inferior)
91
Q

Describe the body of the radius.

A

triangular in cross-section therefore has 3 borders and 3 surfaces

interosseous border: sharp prominent medial border

92
Q

What does the distal end of the radius have? (2)

A

styloid process on lateral aspect

ulnar notch on medial side

93
Q

What is the ulna?

A

long bone on medial side of forearm

consists of body (shaft), proximal end, distal end

94
Q

What does the proximal end of the ulna have?

A

2 processes – olecranon process and coronoid process

95
Q

What is the trochlear notch?

A

between olecranon process and coronoid process

96
Q

What is the radial notch?

A

lateral to coronoid process

97
Q

Describe the body of the ulna.

A

triangular in cross-section therefore has 3 borders and 3 surfaces

interosseous border: sharp prominent lateral border

98
Q

What does the distal end of the ulna have?

A

composed of round head and styloid process

99
Q

What are the 3 types of bones in the hand?

A

carpal bones (wrist)
metacarpal bones
phalanges

100
Q

Name the carpal bones in order in the right hand.

A

(from lateral to medial, I-V, ‘right to left’)

DISTAL ROW (‘top’)

  • trapezium
  • trapezoid
  • capitate
  • hamate

PROXIMAL ROW (‘bottom’)

  • scaphoid
  • lunate
  • triquetrum
  • pisiform
101
Q

What are metacarpal bones?

A

small long bones composed of proximal end (base), body (shaft), and distal end (head)

5 - numbered from lateral to medial

102
Q

How many phalanges does each finger have?

A

3 (proximal, middle, distal)

103
Q

How many phalanges does the thumb have?

A

2 (proximal, distal)

+ CAPS 391 (28 decks)

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