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A2 Abnormality > Anxiety > Flashcards

Flashcards in Anxiety Deck (15)
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1
Q

8 marks Characteristics of anxiety disorders

A
  • characteristics of generalised anxiety and case studies
  • types: agoraphobia and specific phobias (blood, animal, button)
  • measures: BIPI, GAD-7
2
Q

8 marks Explanations of phobias

A
  • behavioural (classical conditioning)
  • psychoanalytic (Freud)
  • biomedical (Ost)
  • cognitive (Dinardo)
3
Q

8 marks Treatment and management of anxiety disorders

A
  • systematic desensitisation
  • applied tension
  • CBT
4
Q

What is characteristics of GAD (generalised anxiety disorder) / case studies of phobias

A

GAD: Anxiety that is generalised or persistent or even more strongly predominating in particular environmental circumstances
- according to DSM, at least 3 of the following need to be present for past 6 months or longer: such as: physical tension, problems centrating, feeling irritable

5
Q

Describe measures: GAD-7 and BIPI

A

BIPI

  • 50 items about diverse situation related to blood, injection, dentist, e.g. when I see a bloody wound
  • measures frequency of different types of responses on a 4 point scale 0 never to 3 always
  • appraise both situational and anticipatory anxiety responses

GAD-7

  • assigning scores to e.g. trouble relaxing? worring too much about different things?
  • total score for 7 items ranges from 0-21
  • 0-5 mild anxiety, 15-21 severe
6
Q

Evaluate measures of anxiety

A

For BIPI:

  • quantatitive
  • holistic (cog, phy, beh responses)
  • social desirability
  • only targets blood, lacks usefulness

For GAD-7:

  • quantatitive
  • useful
  • cultural bias: language
  • social desirability
7
Q

Describe Types: agoraphobia and specific phobias

A

Phobia: irrational fear that is disproportionate

Blood phobia

  • avoid situations, injections
  • can extend to needles, invasive medical procedure

animal phobia
- avoid contact, distress, panic attack when exposed

button phobia
agoraphobia
- being in open spaces, being in a crowd, panic attack

Kimya: bird phobia (sound of birds flapping wings upsetting)
Savedra and silverman: button phobia

8
Q

Behavioural explanation of phobia (Watson, 1920)

A

An individual may develop a phobia of a harmless stimulus if it is paired with a frightening experience

LITTLE ALBERT

  • touches white rat (NS)
  • struck metal bar with hammer (US), produces fear (UCR)
  • seeing rate = crying, moving away
  • fear generalised
  • fear can be learned through CC
9
Q

Describe Psychoanalytic explanation of phobia (Freud, 1909)

A

Phallic stage

  • defence mechanism, unsolved conflicts between Id and superego
  • ego attempts to solve by repression and displacement (repression=forget, displacement=rechannel, e.g. Hans father and horse)

Little hans

  • fear of horse, especially with black part around its mouth
  • horse represents his father
10
Q

Describe Biomedical/genetic explanation (Ost, 1992)

A

Biological preparedness

  • 81 blood phobic and 59 injection phobic compared with other specific phobia sample
  • 50% of blood phobic had one or more parents with the same fear
  • strong genetic link for these phobias
11
Q

Describe Cognitive explanation for phobias (DiNardo et al, 1988)

A

Origin of cynophobia (dogs), interviewed, discuss frightening encounters in cynophobes and non-cynophobes

Similar events reported

  • only half of people who had a traumatic experience with animal developed phobia of animal
  • interpret the event differently from those who developed phobia
  • the exaggerated expectation of harm leads to development of phobia
12
Q

10 marks Evaluate for explanation of phobias

A

Ethics

  • Little Albert
  • Freud

Nature Nurture

  • biomedical, preparedness
  • Cognitive, psychoanalytic (both, id is nature, superego is nurture)

Reductionism and Holism
H: Freud, fears, dreams, conversations, over a number of years
Cognitive, both events and thinking
R: biomedical, behavioural

Determinism and Freewill
F: behavioual (can be unlearnt), cognitive (rationalise thoughts)
D: Psychoanalytic (cannot choose whether at phallic stage)
Genetic (inherited)

13
Q

Describe systematic desensitisation as a treatment

A

Systematic desensitisation

  • reciprocal inhibition
  • functional analysis (hierarchy of fear)
  • relaxation training (muscular tension, control breathing)
  • graduated exposure
  • in vivo or in vitro
14
Q

Describe applied tension as a treatment

A

Specifically for blood phobia

  • help prevent fainting or recover faster if faint
  • tensing muscle in body, raises blood pressure, less likely to faint
  • tense muscle for 10-15s, the relax for 20-30, repeat 5 times

Ost et al

  • patients treated with applied tension, applied relaxation or combination, for different number of sessions
  • favour applied tension since it is as effective but take shortest time
15
Q

Describe CBT as a treatment

A

building a relationship, cognitive restructuring, relaxation technique

Ost and Westling

  • patients with panic disorder
  • treated individually for 12 weekly sessions
  • both AR and CBT yielded very large improvements, which were maintained, or furthered at follow up
  • CBT group had a significant reduction in the number of panic attacks after treatment (74%) and at follow up (89%)