Antivirals and Vaccines Flashcards Preview

Micro and Immuno - Exam 2 > Antivirals and Vaccines > Flashcards

Flashcards in Antivirals and Vaccines Deck (30)
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1
Q

How do antivirals work?

A

Block specific steps in virus life cycle

2
Q

What is necessary for antivirals?

A

Must be active against virus replication, but not notmal celular function

3
Q

Why is continued antiviral development required?

A

Virus resistence

4
Q

What antivirals prevent entry?

A

Enfuvritide
Amantadine
Rimantadine

5
Q

Enfuvritide

A

Prevents HIV from entering cell

Blocks refolding og gp41, which prevents membrane fusion

6
Q

Amantadine and Rimantadine

A

Prevents Influenva from entering host cell

Blocks influenza ion channel (M2), preventing nucleocapsid release at the end of the cell entry process

7
Q

What antivirals Prevent Genome Replicaiton

A
Acyclovir
Glaniclovir
Valganciclovir
Forscarnet
Ribavirin
8
Q

Acyclovir

A

Acts as a nucleoside inhibitor for treatment of herpesvirus infections
First antiviral approved for clinical use
Most effective against HSV-1 and HSV-2, less effective against EBV, even less efective agains CMV

9
Q

Glaniclovir

A

Effective against CMV - prevents genome replication

More toxic, due to interference with cellular kinase

10
Q

Valganciclovir

A

Nucleoside inhibitor for EBV

Improved oral bioavailability

11
Q

Forscarnet

A

Herpesvirus treatment
Prevents viral polymerase activity
IV administration
Toxic

12
Q

Ribavirin

A
Nucleoside inhibitor for RNA viruses
Many mechanisms
Triphosphate inhibits polymerases
Monophosphate form inhibits inosine monophosphate dehydrogenates, lowering GTP in cell
Impairs capping of mRNA
13
Q

Which antivirals prevent viral proteases

A

Ritonavir

14
Q

Ritonavir

A

Treatment of HIV
Blocks cleavage of Gag-Pol polypeptode
Boosts the activity of other protease inhibitors because it also blocks the action of cellular proteases that act on other viral protease inhibitors

15
Q

What are some antiviral challenges

A

Bioavailability
Specificity
Toxicity

16
Q

Bioavailability of antivirals

A

Absorption into the body
Transport to site of infection
Intake by the cell
Therapeutic window (half-life)

17
Q

Specificity of antivirals

A

Target the virus activities exclusively or with great preference

18
Q

Toxicity of antivirals

A

Low impact on the patient

19
Q

Natural Antivirals

A

Interferons

  • more effective against RNA viruses than DNA viruses
  • mechanism ofa ction is not well understood
20
Q

Vaccination

A

The practice of inducing immunity to a pathogen

21
Q

What are the 2 ways to introduce a pathogen?

A

Active immunization

Passive immunization

22
Q

Active Immunization

A

Administering all or part of a pathogenic gent to induce antibodies or cell mediated immunity

23
Q

Passive Immunization

A

Administration of exogenously produced antibodies

24
Q

What are the 2 forms of vaccines

A

Live, attenuated

Killed

25
Q

What are the three important immune cell types in vaccinations

A

B cells
CD8+ T-cells
CD4+ T-cells

26
Q

What vaccines utilize B cells only?

A

Pneumococcal

HIB (unless conjugated to other antigens)

27
Q

Which vaccines utilize B and T cell immunity

A

Influenza
Polio
Typhoid

28
Q

What are some considerations to take for vaccines

A

Age

Special Populations

29
Q

Why is age taken into considerations for vaccines?

A

Young children and the elderly have weaker immune systems, and they may not be able to respond to live, attenuated vaccines

30
Q

Why are special populations taken into consideration for vaccines?

A

Immunocompromised persons may have greater need of vaccination or be counter-indicated for vaccine
There can be other complications, such as small pox vaccines for persons with eczema