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+ANTH 111 > Anthropology Final > Flashcards

Anthropology Final Flashcards

1
Q

Culture is shared

A

people within a culture share ideas and symbols that are meaningful to them

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2
Q

Culture is shared, re: eating, drinking, sleeping, etc

A

everyone understands how to perform “natural” but culturally specific activities

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3
Q

Culture is learned

A

one learns how to operate and get by within their culture, learns rules and consequenes

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4
Q

enculturation

A

learning culture that requires trial and error over time

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5
Q

culture is symbolic

A

certain patterns or ways of doing things have symbolic meaning ex: length of sleeves on kimono, arrow through heart

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6
Q

culture is integratted

A

specific things hold it together, ex: beer, roughriders

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7
Q

how are cars an example of how culture is integrated?

A

traffic signs, parking lots, Canadian Tire –> infrastructure

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8
Q

culture interacts and changes

A

material changes –> sexuality, foods, smoking permits

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9
Q

hybridication and localization

A

news ways of doing things and new ways of thinking of things

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10
Q

culture has cultural universals

A

points of similarities and continuinity between different cultures that help oine learn and share and be flexible in another culture

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11
Q

examples of cultural universals

A

humour, kin terms, belief system, marital rules, ideas about what is good/bad/ugly

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12
Q

ethnocentricm

A

belief that one’s culture of thinking is superior to other cultures and their way of thinkgin

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13
Q

cultural relativity

A

one must suspend judgement on other cultures in order to understand in their own cultural terms

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14
Q

holism

A

one must look at another culture as complex systems of social, political, and economic activities

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15
Q

functionalism

A

idea that things/ideas/activities in a culture are useful for it ex: groundhogs are helpful because of feb 1

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16
Q

jane Howell

A

studies women’s lives in Oaxaca Mexico

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17
Q

Culture

A

dynamic system of adaption

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18
Q

subculture

A

a culture within a culture

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19
Q

Pleuralistic society

A

has multiple ethnic groups

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20
Q

barrel model of culture

A

superstructure (ideas), social structure (class), infrastructure (economy and subsistence strategies), environment

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21
Q

nature vs nurture

A

biology vs culture

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22
Q

thinking about vs having

A

interpretism vs materialism ex: incest taboo b/c of connection to consequences or just random idea people thought up of

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23
Q

agency vs strucutre

A

how much “autonomy” and “free will” can one exceresise within the larger cultural forces of social order, religion, laws, inequalities, and gender expectations?

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24
Q

fieldwork and its discontents

A
  1. too much bias, one finds what they want to find
  2. not all elelments of culture are functional
  3. ethics
  4. can anth really say anything about human nature?
  5. what belongs to who?
  6. representation
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25
Q

malinowski introduced…

A

emic and etic

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26
Q

subsistence

A

way of getting food or products

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27
Q

modes of reciprocity

A

generalized, expected, redistribtion

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28
Q

generalized reciproticty

A

no expectation that exhcange will take place within a speciic time frame

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29
Q

expected reciproticty

A

time frame is important, as is equivilent value of exchange

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30
Q

redistribution

A

exchanges are poooled to be redistrubted at a specific time in the future (potlatch)

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31
Q

changing nature of modes of production

A

1 - many cultures now produce a surplus for commercial purposes
2 - foragers, horts, and pastoralists are encounced in captilist sustem and work for low wages
3 - reliance on money as a mode of exchange results in urban shift, reduced well being, increased dependencies, and family restructuring

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32
Q

relationship from commodity to capitalism

A

commodity needs capitalism needs belief in capitalism

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33
Q

ethnomedicine

A

the medical practices a culture uses for healing and curing purposes

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34
Q

ethnoetiologies

A

how people in another culture explains illness

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35
Q

eitiology

A

the study of cuase and orgiin

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36
Q

how can human suffering be alleviated?

A

community healing, humoural (balance), healers and the substances they use

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37
Q

disease

A

a physical pathology, usually diagnosable

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38
Q

illness

A

subjective distressing feeling, often culture specific

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39
Q

culture bound ilnness

A

an illness associated with a specific culture

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40
Q

etic

A

a prespective taken by someone outside the culture

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41
Q

emic

A

POV of someone inside the culture

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42
Q

somatization

A

occurs when stressors are so high the individual racts to the stress through illness

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43
Q

approaches to illness

A

Ecological/Epidemiological theoretical approach, interpretive, criticial, and medical pluralism

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44
Q

Ecological/Epidemiological theoretical approach

A

how aspects of the natural env interact with cultural to cause helath problems
ex: colonialism and historical trauma, education, sharing, grief resolution

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45
Q

intereptive approach to theories of healing

A

how do people in other cultures label, describe, expereience, and amange their own illness and healing?

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46
Q

critical presepctive in explaining illness

A

looks at the way economic and politcal strucutres shape people’s health, cupports that income is correlated to good health

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47
Q

medical pluralism

A

refers to the simaltaneous presence of more than one system of healing within a culture

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48
Q

diseases of development

A

due to deforestation and dams like chagas, dengue, and lyme

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49
Q

kinship

A

key social organizing prcinple

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50
Q

two different types of kinship linkage

A

formal and informal

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51
Q

types of formal kinship

A

cosanguineal and affinal

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52
Q

types of informal kinship

A

fricitive and friends

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53
Q

bilineal descent

A

trace relationship of ego through mother and father, mother’s kin is equally important to father’s kin

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54
Q

unilineal descent

A

ego is traced through either father’s or mother’s side, not both

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55
Q

patrilineal puzzle

A

woman’s status is presumed as infereioir to men’s in spite of woman’s ability to produce the very children who will perpetuate the male’s lineage

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56
Q

matrilineal puzzle

A

man must look after his own mother and sisters and aunts, etc, as well as wife, so who does he have allegiance to?

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57
Q

difference between kinship and adoption in western and non-western societies

A

biology is emphasized more in western, while social components weigh more in many non western societies

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58
Q

endogamy

A

in marrying

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59
Q

exogamy

A

out marrying

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60
Q

several explanations of the incest taboo

A

kin confusion (who to call what), gene theory (genetic weakness), aversion theory (growing up with)

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61
Q

marriage gifts

A

brideservice, bridewalth/brideprice, dowry

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62
Q

brideservice

A

groom works for parents of the bride for a specific amount of time

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63
Q

bridewealth/brideprice

A

goods are transfered from groom’s family to bride’s family

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64
Q

dowry

A

goods are given to the bride’s family to the groom’s family tand to the newlyweds

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65
Q

functions of kin

A

political alliances, economic support, religious knowledge, historicity, establishes power, well-being

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66
Q

changes in kinship and households

A

matrilineal descent is decreasing, age of marraige is rising, number of single parent households/blended families is rising

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67
Q

if people act like kin…

A

they usually are

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68
Q

social rewards

A

monetary wealth, power, prestige

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69
Q

characteristics of stratified societies

A
  1. obvious ineqalities in access to social rewards, resources
  2. access to rewards is difficult because of race, ethnicity, class, and gender
  3. symbolic indicators are clearly visible, some people are not able to access their own nation’s g/s because they hold allegience to their tribe/ethnic group
  4. few groups enjoy tremendous luxeries at the expence of other group’s labour
  5. few social groups who do enjoy luxeries fail to distribute them evenly
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70
Q

caste based societies are…

A

endogamous, assigned membership at birth, heirarchically arranged, socially segregated, little mobility

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71
Q

class based societies are…

A

exogamous, not assigned memberhsip at birth, heirarchial, composed by elites who resist efforts to change the system (?), mobility is possible but not likely

72
Q

ideologies used to maintain inequalities

A

ethnocentrism; moral ideologies; ideologies around gender, sexual orientation, age; ideologies around violence

73
Q

conflict theory of inequality

A

explains inequalities in terms of domination and exploitation

74
Q

language

A

manipulation of symbols shared, understood, and passed on from generation to generation

75
Q

non verbal language

A

kinesics, proxemics, sign language, silence

76
Q

verbal language

A

formal and informal

77
Q

kinesics

A

non verba communication

78
Q

proxemics

A

social space communication

79
Q

features of language

A

productivity, displacement, arbitatriness, phenology, ambigutiy, intonation, error correction, semantic domain

80
Q

productivity (features of language)

A

ability to communicate “new” messages and have them understood

81
Q

displacement (features of language)

A

talk about past, present, and future form, and non existent things

82
Q

arbitrariness (features of language)

A

relies on symbolism

83
Q

phenology (features of language)

A

how you pronounce and write sounds

84
Q

ambiguity (features of language)

A

context is important

85
Q

intonation (features of language)

A

voice qualities convey meaning

86
Q

error correction (features of language)

A

we can correct our language when it is uttered or written incorrectly

87
Q

semantic domain (features of language)

A

words grouped together to communcate meaningfulness

88
Q

gender and language

A

tag questions (wasn’t it?), pre-sentence qualities (I’m not sure but..”), intonation (women tend to rise at the end of sentences), interuption (men inturupt women more than each other), sarcasm (women = control, men = humour)

89
Q

code switching

A

ability to change from one level of language to another or one language to another

90
Q

pidgin

A

rudimentary language used to get by due to 1) prolonged contact between two different linguistic societies 2) need to communicate 3) an absense of another language that would work

91
Q

use of ebonics

A 
identity/uniqueness
us vs them
power/agency
stigma
acceptance
92
Q

Sapir-whorf hypothesis

A

language determines thought

93
Q

cultural constructionism

A

context and social position shape the content, form, and meaning in one’s speech

94
Q

canadian dainty

A

wiped out by immigrants (non-british) after WWII

95
Q

types of magic

A

imitative (x is similar to y so actions on x will be felt by y) and contagious (supernatural forces transfered from A to B through proximity or contact)

96
Q

most cultures use magic and religion to

A

excersise control, cover all bases, amke sense of the world, build identity, and give hope

97
Q

religion and magic re: differences

A

spiritual healing vs physical healing, group activity vs individual, regular place and time vs irregular performed when necessary

98
Q

relgiion and magic share…

A

imbuded with myth and doctrine

99
Q

myths are designed to

A

explain, validate a culture’s identity and existence, offers a moral code, carry important messages, be ahistorical

100
Q

doctorine

A

is written, explicity tells one how to interact with supernatural world, how it came to be and what the consequences are if the right protocols aren’t followed

101
Q

spirit beings and forces are…

A

preditcable and unpredictable, approachable and unapproachable, helpful and harmful, aligned with sacred places and spaces, frequently contact to one’s dead ancestors, rituals used for protection particularity if taboo are not followed

102
Q

life cycle rituals

A

helps people go through crucial stages of their lives

103
Q

pilgrimage

A

sacred ritual done to be spiritually cleansed and show devotion to deities

104
Q

rituals of reversl

A

allows people to let off steam in socially accepted ways

105
Q

calendric rituals

A

ceremonies designed to concide with the calendar

106
Q

rites of passage

A

involves separation, transition, and incorporation

107
Q

religious practicioners

A

tell the supernatural what to do, effect a cure, tell people what to do, source of powers is instituion

108
Q

functions of relgion

A

1) social control
2) ethics
3) group solidarity and social cohesion
4) explanation
5) emotional and solace

109
Q

mana

A

force derived from the supernatural world, can be ingested

110
Q

ways cultures change

A

inovation/invention, diffusion, acculturation, cultural loss, modernization, genocide

111
Q

inovation/invention (ways cultures change)

A

noticing something that wasn’t known before, things put together in a new way, result from a lot of thought and goals, won’t be adopted if too radical, cons and benefits are always being assesed

112
Q

diffusion (ways cultures change)

A

one culture invents an artifact, idea, and it migrates to another culture, is then modified to suit the needs of its new context, if too expensive/unrewarding, will not diffuse

113
Q

acculturaton (ways cultures change)

A

massive changes occur in one of the cultures, results in loss or modifcation

114
Q

cultural loss (ways cultures change)

A

culture can lose artifacts, practivies or ideas once considered useful

115
Q

modernization (ways cultures change)

A

advances certain advantages with non-modern cultures, but also affected cultures world-wide, massive consumerism and heavy use of non renewable resources are disadvantages

116
Q

genocide

A

extermination of one group of people by another group (beothuk), done in the name of progress, public safety, religion, and economis

117
Q

development

A

developing nations want to be like developed countries, aka being more American, technological progress is essential

118
Q

theories of globalization based on…

A

trickle-down effect, with elites at the top and the masses towards the bottom

119
Q

Under-differentation

A

the tendency to view less developed countries as more alike than they are

120
Q

over innovation

A

introducing change that isn’t really utilitarian

121
Q

homosapiens

A

300 000 - 160 000 yrs ago in Africa

122
Q

microculture

A

distinct part of local regions

123
Q

wegewa

A

7 categories of taste + tart, balnd, pungent

124
Q

EDS

A

excessive daytime sleepiness, Japan

125
Q

McDonaldlization

A

powerful US dominated corporate culture, word has become more culturally homogenous

126
Q

race

A

based on homogenity of biological traits

127
Q

ethnicity

A

shared sense of ID among those who share heritage, language, and culture

128
Q

Ju/hansi

A

move several times per year, seasonal availability of H2O

129
Q

Bananans

A

new guinea, pacific

130
Q

6 major herd animals

A

sheep, goats, cattle, horses, donkeys, camels

131
Q

navajo

A

women inherit cattle

132
Q

three hypothesises to explain male dominace

A

men + plowing, women + child care, women + food processing

133
Q

family farming

A

geared to provide for family, produce goods for sale

134
Q

women working hours __% less than men

A

25

135
Q

zapotec

A

derives income from labour of men and women separately

136
Q

industrial agriculture and its social effects

A

greater use of complex technology, displacement of workers, greater use of captial, reduces flexibility, greater use of energy, greater dependence on global market of energy supplies

137
Q

minimalism

A

few, finite consumers, adequete means to sustain, foragers, and also hort and past

138
Q

consumerism

A

may, infinite demands, industrial and informatic

139
Q

leveling mechanisms

A

unwritten, culturally embedded rules that prevent a individual from beoming wealthier/more powerful

140
Q

personalized consumption

A

know where the products were produced and by who

141
Q

kuru

A

canilbalism disease

142
Q

balanced exchange

A

gave 20 system of transfer in which goal is immediate on eventual balance in value

143
Q

pure gift

A

extremee general reciprocity, no exception of thought of return

144
Q

kulu

A

could not keep things for long because to posses is great, but to posses is to give

145
Q

trade

A

formalized exchange according to set standards of value

146
Q

periodic market

A

buying and selling takes place at regular time and particular location but no permanent physical structure

147
Q

efe and lese

A

unbalanced exchange = efe (foragers) < lese (farmers), in congo

148
Q

alternative food movements

A

seek to restablish direct link between producers, consumers, and marketers by promoting local, not mass-produced foods

149
Q

kwakwaka

A

many islands and watways oenetrating coast mountins, dense forests, and sandy beaches. traveled by canoe, moved seasonally. famous for material culture, wooden totenm poles, anoes, masks, bowls, capes, skirts, blankets. cedar used for all products. 1792, explorers contacted, 1886, researchers, late 19th century, colonial authorities disproved of marraige arguments and potlatch. secret potlatches continued until ban lifted in 1951

150
Q

Ju

A

Ju emphasize mobilization of community energy as key for cure with dancing, everyone has access to it, role of healer is open

151
Q

Orang Asli

A

Malaysian peninsula, excessive heat = mortality, causes menstruation, violence, aggression, drunkenness; cooling is good except right after birth because mother has lost so much heat

152
Q

Phytotherapy

A

healing through use of plants

153
Q

Sherpa of Nepal

A

healing therapists fit in Orthodox Buddhist, including lamas for prevention and cure through blessings, amchis, Tibetan humoural healing system; Unorthodox religions/shamanic practitioners, divination; biomedical practitioners, work in clinic first est for tourists

154
Q

Yemen

A

patrilineal, public space is separated by gender

155
Q

Malaysia kinship

A

mother breastfeeds, establishes tie between milk giver and child, basis of incest rule, may not marry those who feed from the same breast

156
Q

Closed adoption

A

child receives new birth certificate and birth parent ceases to ave relationship to child

157
Q

open adoption

A

adoptees and birth parents have information about the other’s identity and are free to interact with each other

158
Q

maya of Oaxaca, Mexico

A

godparenthood is both a sign of sponsor’s status and means to increased status for the sponsor

159
Q

Hypergyny

A

marrying up when bride’s status is lower than the groom’s hypogyny, isogyny

160
Q

Age hypogyny

A

bride is older than the groom; rare cross culturally but has been increasing in US due to the marriage squeeze on women who would otherwise prefer a husband of equal or older age

161
Q

Heigh hypergyny

A

groom is taller than the bride, more common in male dominated contexts

162
Q

Height isogamous

A

common in cultures where gender roles are relatively equal and where sexual dimorphism (differences in shape/size of female and male body) is not as marked, ie: southeast asia

163
Q

Japan + marriage

A

case of industrial/informative economy with highly educated population in which arranged unions still constitute to substantial number of marriages (25-30% in 1995)

164
Q

Polygyny (more or less common) than polyandry

A

more

165
Q

Houshold

A

person living alone or more than one people who occupy shared living space and may or may not be related by kinship

166
Q

nuclear household

A

one adult couple with or without children

167
Q

extended household

A

more than one adult married couple

168
Q

Collateral extended household

A

through sisters or brothers

169
Q

Complex Housholds

A

domestic units in which one spouse lives with or near multiple partners and their children

170
Q

satisfaction in arranged marriages?

A

Decline in satisfaction in marriage greatest for wives in arranged marriages and least for husbands in arranged marriages

171
Q

Sex is more frequent among those who

A

1) are cohabiting but not married, 2) cohabited before marriage 3) in their second or later marriage. Less happy people have sex less frequently

172
Q

Wifebeating is more common/severe when …

Les common and less severe where ….

A

man is in control of wealth.

women’s work groups and social networks exist

173
Q

Nearly everywhere, the age of first marriage is rising, b/c of …

A

increased emphasis on completing a certain number of years before marriage, higher material aspirations such as being able to own a house

174
Q

Marriages between people of different nations and ethnicities are increasing, partly because of…

A

growing rates of international migration; migrants take with them many of their marriage and family practices, and adapt to rules and practices in their area of destination, so pluralistic practices evolve, such as conducting two marriage ceremonies

175
Q

Marriage crisis

A

cultural situation in which many people who want to marry cannot do so for one reason or another ex: unable to raise enough money for brideprice and other marriage expenses (sub Saharan Africa), China’s unwed men because of one child policy and preference for boys

176
Q

In US at beginning of 21st century, three kinds of households were common

A

households composed of couples living in first marriage, single parent households, households formed through remarriage, and rising fourth category is multigenerational household in which an adult child or boomerang kid lives with their parents

177
Q

WBM

A

western biomedicine

+ANTH 111 (2 decks)

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