What is Anterior Blepharitis?
Inflammation of the eyelids at the margin
What are the symptoms of Anterior Blepharitis?
Burning, irritation, foreign body sensation, dryness
What are the signs of Anterior Blepharitis?
Erythema, Edema, Crusting, Debris, Madarosis, Chalazia. Chronic or recurrent.
What is Madarosis?
Absence or loss of eyelashes
What is Chalazia?
a stye in the eyelid caused by inflammation of a blocked meibomian gland
What is Hordeola?
A acute, localized inflammation of the glands in the eyelid
What are two examples of Meibomitis?
Meibomian Gland Dysfunction
Posterior Blepharitis
What are the signs of Meibomitis?
Inspissated MG, uneven margins, frothy tear film
What are symptoms of hordeolum?
warmth, tenderness, mild pain
What are the symptoms of Chalazi?
Painless! Swollen eyelid, pseudoptosis, blurry vision
What are ectropian eyelids?
Outward eversion of the eyelid margin
What is tylosis?
thickening of the tarsal border of the eyelid
What are entropian eyelids?
Inward eyelid margins
What is eyelash epilation?
Removing of the eyelashes with forceps
Hyperemia
Increased amount of blood in vessels
Injections
Engorgement of blood vessels
Chemosis
swelling of the conjunctiva
What is the most common cause of Hyperemia in the eye?
Conjuctivitis
What are the signs of Bacterial conjunctivitis?
Mucopurulent discharge
Chemosis
Hyperemia
Papillae
What are the signs of viral Conjunctivitis?
Watery discharge
Follicles
Other eye involved 3-7 days later
Upper respiratory track infection
What are the two types of viral conjunctivitis?
Adenovirus and Herpes
What is Pharyngoconjunctival Fever?
Adenovirus Viral Conjunctivitis
Fever, Pharyngitis, typically contracted from swimming pools
What is Epidemic Keratoconjunctivitis?
SUUPER contagious!
No systemic symptoms. Follicular conjunctivitis
What are the signs of Allergic Conjunctivitis?
Bilateral Chemosis, Papillae
Intensely itchy eyes, watery discharge
If in doubt, you should assume what type of conjunctivitis?
Bacterial
What are the signs of subconjunctival hemorrhage?
No symptoms. Fresh red blood against scleral background. Usually harmless and will disappears within a couple weeks
What are the signs of a pinguecula?
Yellow-white slightly raised lesion at the 3 or 9 position. Doesn’t involve cornea. Dry eye.
What are the signs of Pterygium?
Wing-shaped vascular fleshy lesion on sclera. May spread to cornea
What are the signs of Conjunctival Melanosis?
Flat, patchy, brownish pigmentation on conjunctiva. Axenfeld loop may develop
What is an Axenfeld loop?
Anastomosis of the Posterior Ciliary Nerve. Normal anatomical landmark.
What is a Conjunctival Nevus?
Well demarcated pigmented lesion, with cysts
Conjunctival Melanoma
Brown nodular pigmented lesion, vascularized
What is Keratitis?
Inflammation of the cornea
What are the signs of bacterial keratitis?
Infiltrates, Hypopion, corneal ulcer. Rare unless CL wearer
What is Hypopion?
inflammatory cells in the anterior chamber of eye
What are the signs of an infectious corneal ulcer?
Dense corneal infiltrate with overlying epithelial defect
Small sluggish pupil.
What is Herpes Zoster Ophthalmicus?
Reactivation of vericella-zoster (“shingles”). More common in elderly / immunosuppressed.
How many American have antibodies for HSV-1?
90%
How many Americans have had ocular HSV infections?
0.15%
What is the most common cause of infective corneal blindness?
Herpes Simplex Keratitis
What are the signs of HSK?
Severe monocular pain, photophobia, blurred vision, blepharitis, dendritic trees with flourescine staining
What are the signs of HZO?
Monocular pain, photophobia, blurred vision, vesicular skin rash, obeys midline
What are the signs of corneal abrasion?
Sudden onset of severe pain, Photosensitivity, Irregularity revealed with fluorescein staining effect
what are the signs of keratoconus?
Progressive irregular astigmatism, irregular K mires, inferior paracentral corneal thinning
What is arcus senilis?
Lipid deposits in stroma. White/gray/blue peripheral corneal opacity with narrow clear peripheral zone
What is episcleritis?
Rapid onset sectorial redness. Painless or acute dull ache. No discharge
What is scleritis?
Gradual onset. Severing boring pain. Photophobia. Scleral injection with bluish hue, edema and possible nodules
What is anterior uveitis?
Limbal injection. Flare. Irregular pupil
Pain, photophobia
What are the signs of iris melanoma?
Brown/translucent iris lesion. Iris nevus.
What is an iris nevus?
Benign, pigmented growth. “freckle” of the eye
Most dry eyes develop from what?
Insufficient amount of water layer
What are the signs of a cataract?
Opacification of the lens
Clouding of vision. Glare.
What is a nuclear sclerotic cataract?
Most common. Associated with aging. Yellow/brown central opacity
Myopic shift
What is an anterior cortical cataract?
Spoke-like opacities radiating from periphery
Glare, blur, impair D and N
Diabetics
What is a posterior subcapsular cataract?
Rapidly-progressing, film-like opacity of the poserior lens
What are some contraindication of tonometry?
red eye of infectious origin Severely traumatized cornea Open globe Hyphema Eyes with keratoprothesis
Most tonometers assume what corneal thickness?
520 micrometers