Gluteus muscles
Gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius
Gluteus minimus
Gluteus maximus
Most superficial and largest gluteal muscle
Allows extension of hip
Used in walking, sitting down and walking up/down stairs
What does the gluteus maximus attach to
Iliac crest, sacrum and comes down to blend to greater trochanter
What does the gluteus maximus blend laterally with
Ilio-tibial tract
What is the gluteus maximus innervated by
Inferior gluteal nerve
Sacrotuberous ligament
Runs from sacrum to ischial tuberosity
Provides attachment for gluteus maximus
What is deep to gluteus maximus
Gluteus medius and minimus
Superior gluteal nerve
Innervated gluteus medius and minimus
Can be damaged by intramuscular injection if too deep
Actions of gluteus medius and minimus
Abduction of hip
Medial rotation
Piriformis attachment
Attaches from sacrum to anterior and superior part of greater trochanter
Pear shaped muscle
Muscles causing lateral (external) rotation
Piriformis
Obturator internus
Superior and inferior gemelli
Quadratus femoris
Posterior thigh muscle movements
Hip extension and knee flexion
Where do the hamstrings originate from
Ischial tuberosity and attach distally to bones of leg
Innervation of the hamstrings
Sciatic nerve
Emerges from under inferior edge of piriformis
Medial hamstrings
Semitendinosus
Semimembranosus - deep to Semitendinosus
Shape of Semitendinosus
Distally, becomes a long, cord-like tendon
Shape of semimembranosis
Proximally has a membrane-like tendon and becomes fatter distally and attaches to tibia posteriorly
What is the oblique popliteal ligament made up of
Fibres running from the semimembranosis muscle
Hamstring found laterally
Biceps femoris - passes laterally to head of fibula
Special function of Biceps femoris
Only has action at the knee - flexion
Sartorius attachment
Attaches from ASIS and runs distally and medially to attach to tibia
Anterior thigh muscles
Quadriceps muscles
Iliacus
Psoas (major and minor)
Sartorius
Actions of sartorius
Hip flexion
Knee flexion
Lateral rotation of hip
Action of rectus femoris
Causes hip flexion
Attachment of rectus femoris
Attaches to AIIS and all 3 vasti muscles
Function of vasti muscles
Causes knee extension
Innervation of vasti muscles
Femoral nerve
Main hip flexors
Psoas and iliacus
Found in pelvis and attach to lesser trochanter laterally
Femoral triangle borders
Lateral border - sartorius
Medial border - adductor longus
Superior border - inguinal ligament
Floor of femoral triangle
Pectineus
Distal tendon of iliacus and psoas
Roof of femoral triangle
Skin
Femoral triangle
Femoral vein, artery and nerve
Most lateral to medial in femoral triangle
NAVY
Nerve
Artery
Vein
Y - fronts (midlines) - post medial
Function of medial thigh muscles
Abduction of hip
Adduction of hip
Innervation of medial thigh muscles
Obturator nerve but posterior portion of adductor Magnus is innervated by sciatic nerve and pectineus is innervated by the femoral nerve
Attachment of gracilus
Attaches to Semitendinosus and sartorius at pes anserius
What does the quadriceps tendons attach to
Tibial tuberosity
What may cause dislocation of the patella
The angle of the femur from the pelvis to knee is oblique but pull of quads is straight (2 diff force directions)
How do we prevent lateral dislocation of the patella during extension
Raised lateral condyle
Horizontal fibres of vastus medialis pull patella medially
What do hamstrings limit
Hip flexion
Why are women more prone to anterior knee pain
Female pelvis is wider ——-> angle of the femur is more oblique
What does the gluteus medius abduct
Body weight - helpful when walking
Explanation to falling to the right side when walking
Left gluteus muscles are weak (gluteus medius) and vice versa
Main action of gluteus medialis and minimus at non-weight bearing lower limb
Abduct limb
Main action of gluteus minimus and medialis at weight-bearing lower limb
Pull the centre of gravity over the weight bearing lim by pulling the pelvis and therefore the trunk over the stance leg
Gaits adopted to compensate for damage to the superior gluteal nerve
Waddling gait
Swing gait
Stepping gait
Gluteus medius
Deep and anterior to gluteus maximus
Distally, attaches to greater trochanter
Gluteus minimus
Deep to gluteus medius
Smallest and most anterior of gluteal muscles
Deep muscles of gluteal region
Quadratus femoris
Piriformis
Gemelli
Obturator internus
Muscles causing medial (internal) rotation
lliopsoas
Tensor fascia Latae
Iliopsoas
Psoas major
Iliacus
Obturator externus
Proximally, attaches to external su face of obturator membrane, on the anterior a spect of the pelvis
Passes posteriorly to greater trochanter
Gemellus inferior & superior
‘Twin’ muscles that accompany tendon of obturator internus
Quadratus femoris
Quadrangulor muscle passing between ischium and greater trochanter
Where is the semimembranosus found
Sandwiched between semitendinosus and biceps femoris
Long head of biceps femoris
Attaches to ischial tuberosity
Short head of biceps femoris
Attaches to femur
Only involved in knee flexion
Quadriceps muscles
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus intermedius
Come together to form quadriceps tendon in which the patella lies
Muscles of the anterior thigh (medial ——> lateral)
Gracilis Adductor magnus Adductor longus Adductor brevis Pectineus
Compartments of the thigh
Anterior
Medial
Posterior
What is the Pes Anserinus formed from
Sartorius
Gracilus
Semimembranosis