AMSCO Ch. 1 Key Names, Events, & Terms Flashcards Preview

AP United States History > AMSCO Ch. 1 Key Names, Events, & Terms > Flashcards

Flashcards in AMSCO Ch. 1 Key Names, Events, & Terms Deck (54)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

Native Americans; land bridge

A

40,000 years ago waves of migrants from Asia crossed a land bridge that connected Siberia & Alaska (said bridge is now under the Bering Sea). People migrated southward from the Arctic Circle to the southern tip of South America. The first Native Americans divided into hundreds of tribes, spoke different languages, and practiced different cultures. Estimates of the Native population in the Americas in the 1490s vary from 50 to 75 million persons.

2
Q

These Indians lived in semi-permanent settlements with 300 or less people. The men made tools & hunted game, while the women grew corn, beans, and tobacco. Some tribes were more nomadic than others, such as these Indians whom, on the Great Plains, followed the buffalo herds.

A

Sioux & Pawnee Indians

3
Q

These Indians lived in the Southwest in multistoried buildings & developed intricate irrigation systems for farming.

A

Pueblo Indians

4
Q

These mound-building cultures evolved in the MI and OH River valleys & elsewhere.

A

Adena, Hopewell, MI Indians

5
Q

Iroquois Indians

A

Formed a political confederacy, the League of the Iroquois, which withstood attacks from opposing Native Americans & Europeans during much of the 17th & 18th centuries.

6
Q

Mayas

A

A.D. 300-800

Built remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula (present-day Guatemala, Belize, and southern Mexico).

  • Developed calendars that were based on accurate scientific observations.
  • Highly organized societies
  • Extensive trade
7
Q

Incas

A

Peru. Ruled over vast empires.

  • Highly organized societies
  • Extensive trade
8
Q

Aztecs

A

Central Mexico. Ruled over vast empires.

  • Capital of Tenochtitlan was equivalent in size & population to the largest European cities
  • Highly organized societies
  • Extensive trade
9
Q

Renaissance Era

A

A rebirth of classical learning & an outburst of artistic & scientific activity during the late 1400’s and early 1500’s.

10
Q

Technology in the Renaissance Era

A

Europeans bettered many inventions.

  • Gunpowder (originally by the Chinese)
  • Sailing Compass (adopted from the -Chinese by Arab merchants)
  • Better map making & shipbuilding skills
  • Development of the printing press in 1450 allowed information to be decimated more quickly and widely

-Means for colonization

11
Q

Spain; Moors

A

In the Middle Ages, Spain had been partly conquered by Muslim invaders, and only 1 Moorish stronghold remained in Spain when Isabella & Ferdinand united their separate Christian kingdoms. They defeated the Moors of Granada in 1492.

12
Q

Ferdinand & Isabella

A

Ferdinand was the king of Aragon, and Isabella was the queen of Castile. When they defeated the Moors of Granada in 1492 under their united Christian kingdoms, they brought with them a sign of new leadership, hope, and power to European believers in the Roman Catholic faith.

13
Q

Protestant Reformation

A

The revolt in the early 1500s by some Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, & other northern Euro. countries against the authority of the pope in Rome.

  • Caused Catholics of Spain & Portugal + Protestants of England & Holland to want their own versions of Christianity adopted by Africans, Asians, and Americans.
  • -Religious motive for exploration & colonization.
14
Q

Trade

A

There was an increased trade between European kingdoms and Africa, India, and China resulting from fierce competition along the European kingdoms

-Route from Venice & Constantinople to an overland route that reached to the capital of the Chinese empire was blocked when, in 1453, Ottoman Turks seized Constantinople. People wanted to find new way to Asian trade by sailing across Atlantic or south along West African coast.

15
Q

Portugal

A

Very involved in trade and sponsored many explorers

16
Q

Henry the Navigator

A

Portugal’s prince who sponsored many voyages of exploration; succeeded in opening up a long sea route around South Africa’s Cape of Good Hope

17
Q

Nation-States

A

Country in which the majority of people share both a common culture & common political loyalties toward a central government

  • Monarchs depended on trade to bring in revenues & the Church to justify their rights to rule
  • -Isabella & Ferdinand of Spain, Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal ; used their powers to search for riches abroad and to spread the influence of the Catholic Church to new overseas dominions
18
Q

Christopher Columbus

A

1492

Italian-born explorer who claimed land and riches for Spain; backed by Isabella and Ferdinand; was looking for a route to Asia, sailed from the Canary Islands, and landed in the Bahamas; voyages were disappointing, but he was the first person to bring permanent interaction between Europeans and Native Americans

19
Q

New World

A

The term given to the land that Christopher Columbus found instead of China and the Indies; America

20
Q

Amerigo Vespucci

A

An Italian sailor whom America was named after

21
Q

Papal Line of Demarcation

A

1493
Pope drew a vertical, north-south line on a world map, giving Spain all lands to the west of the line & Portugal all lands to the east

22
Q

Treaty of Tordesillas

A

1494
Moved papal line of demarcation a few degrees to the west, which passed through Brazil, establishing Portugal’s claim to Brazil

23
Q

Vasco Nunez de Balboa

A

Journeyed across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean

24
Q

Ferdinand Magellan

A

Circumnavigated the world

25
Q

Hernan Cortes

A

Conquest of Aztecs in Mexico secured Spain’s initial supremacy in the New World

26
Q

Francisco Pizarro

A

Conquest of Incas in Peru secured Spain’s initial supremacy in New World

27
Q

Conquistadores

A

Spanish conquerors

-Sent ships loaded w/ Au & Ag back to Spain from New World, increasing Au supply by >500%, making Spain the richest & most powerful nation in Europe

28
Q

Encomienda System

A

King of Spain gave grants of land and Native Americans to individual Spaniards. Indians had to form/work in the mines, and the fruits of their labors went to their Spanish masters, who in turn had to “care” for them.

29
Q

Asiento System

A

Required Spanish to pay a tax to their king on each slave they imported to the Americas

-Brought about when Europeans’ brutality & diseases reduced Native American population, causing Spanish to bring in slaves from West Africa

30
Q

John Cabot

A

1497
Explored Newfoundland

  • Italian sea captain who was under contract to King Henry VII- king of England
  • Discoveries weren’t followed up by England due to religious preoccupations (Protestant v. Catholic)
31
Q

Giovanni de Verrazano

A

1524
French monarchy sponsored a voyage by Giovanni de Verrazano.

Hoping to find a NW passage leading thru the Americas to Asia, he explored part of North America’s eastern coast, including NY harbor.

32
Q

Jacques Cartier

A

Explored the St. Lawrence River extensively

French claims to American territory based on his voyages

33
Q

Samuel de Champlain

A

1608
Established 1st permanent French settlement in America at Quebec, a fortified village on the St. Lawrence River

“Father of New France” - strong leadership in establishing the colony

34
Q

Father Jacques Marquette

A

1673

Explored the upper MI river

35
Q

Robert de la Salle

A

1682

Explored the MI basin and later named it Louisiana after French King Louis XIV

36
Q

Henry Hudson

A

1609
English seaman who sailed up the Hudson River, which established Dutch claims to the surrounding area that would become New Amsterdam

-Dutch West India Company was given privilege of taking control of the region for economic gain

37
Q

Joint-stock Company

A

Pooled the savings of people of moderate means & supported trading ventures that seemed potentially profitable

-Allowed colonization to North Atlantic Coast

38
Q

Father Junipero Serra

A

Founded 9 settlements that had been established along the CA coast by members of the Franciscan order in response to Russian exploration from Alaska.

39
Q

Virginia Company

A

Joint-stock company that established the 1st permanent English colony in America at Jamestown in 1607.

40
Q

Captain John Smith

A

Forceful leadership in Jamestown colony helped save settlement

41
Q

John Rolfe; Pocahontas

A
  • Established tobacco industry in 1612 that saved the colony’s finances
  • Indian wife of John Rolfe
  • Tobacco needed large labor force for cultivation; first went to indentured servants, and then to African slaves
42
Q

Royal Colony

A

Colony under the control of a king or queen

-The 1st was VA after the VA Company went bankrupt in 1624 & King James I revoked their charter

43
Q

Puritans

A

People who wanted to “purify” the Church of England (Anglican Church) of Catholic influences during the 1600’s

-Change in ceremonies & hierarchy (governing structure) of C.o.E.

44
Q

Plymouth Colony

A

Half of them perished after the first winter

  • Celebrated 1st Thanksgiving in 1621 because friendly Native Americans helped them out
  • Led by Captain Miles Standish & Governor William Bradford
  • Fish, furs, lumber
45
Q

Separatists

A

Puritans who wanted to create a new church, rather than just reform the Church of England, Wanted church to be independent of royal control.

46
Q

Pilgrims

A
  • Separatists
  • 1st migrated to Holland, but left due to cultural differences & economic hardship
  • Decided upon new colony in America then operated by the VA Company of London
47
Q

Mayflower Voyage

A

1620

  • Small group of Pilgrims set sail for VA aboard the Mayflower.
  • Less than half of the 100 were Separatists; the rest had economic motives
  • Didn’t land in Jamestown, so decided to establish Plymouth instead
48
Q

Massachusetts Bay Colony

A

A result of the religious persecution of Puritans due to the policies of the new king, Charles I.

Puritans (not Separatists) gained a royal charter for a new colonizing venture, the MA Bay Company (1629).

49
Q

John Winthrop

A

Led 1k Puritans in 1630 to the MA shore. Founded Boston and several other towns.

50
Q

Great Migration

A

Europe’s civil war in the 1630’s drove 15,000 people from Europe and into the Massachusetts Bay Colony.

51
Q

Virginia House of Burgesses

A

1619
1st representative assembly in America

-Right to be represented in the lawmaking process similar to that of England

52
Q

Mayflower Compact

A

1620 aboard Mayflower vessal
Document that pledged Pilgrims to make decisions by the will of the majority.

-Represented early form of colonial autonomy & early form of written constitution, establishing powers & duties of the government

53
Q

Predestination

A

The belief that God guides those who are to be saved

  • John Calvin
  • Believed by English Protestants
54
Q

Jamestown

A

1607
Established with King James I’s charter to VA Company.

  • Indian attacks, famine, disease
  • Swampy area brought about dysentery & malaria
  • Many settlers weren’t accustomed to physical work
  • Some were gold-seekers who refused to hunt or farm
  • Food supplies minimal, colonists nearly starved