AL topic 1 facts Flashcards Preview

A Level History > AL topic 1 facts > Flashcards

Flashcards in AL topic 1 facts Deck (48)
Loading flashcards...
1
Q

when did Stalin announce the first 5 year plan and collectivisation?

A

at the 15th Party Congress in December 1927, marking the end of the NEP

2
Q

who disagreed with the abandonment of the NEP?

A

Buhkarin and the right wing of the party

3
Q

how many peasants were in collective or state farms in mid 1929?

A

less than 5%

4
Q

what did Stalin announce in January 1930?

A

that around 25% of the grain producing areas were to be collectivised by the end of the year

5
Q

what were the reasons for the ‘Great Turn’?

A
  • increase military strength
  • achieve self-sufficiency
  • increase grain supplies
  • move towards a socialist society
  • establish Stalin’s own credentials
  • improve standards of living
6
Q

what was different about Stalin’s economic schemes in comparison to Lenin’s?

A

the scale and thoroughness

7
Q

what were the three main types of collective farm?

A
  • the toz
  • the sovkhoz
  • the kolhkoz
8
Q

what was the toz?

A

where peasants owned their land but shared machinery and co-operated in activities like sowing and harvesting. more common before 1930

9
Q

what was the sovkhoz?

A

owned and run by the state. The peasants who worked on this state farm were paid a regular wage

10
Q

what was the kolhkoz?

A

where all the land was held in common and run by an elected committee. To form one 50-100 houses were put together

11
Q

what were machine and tractor stations (MTS)?

A
  • established to support collective farms.. They maintained and hired out machinery
  • also used to control the countryside. Each MTS had a political department whose job was to root out anti-soviet elements and troublemakers
12
Q

how many MTS’s were established to support collective farms?

A

2500

13
Q

what did Stalin announce in December 1929?

A

the liquidation of the kulaks as a class

14
Q

who were the ‘Twenty-Five Thousanders?’

A

an army of 25,000 urban party activists enlisted by Stalin to help to revolutionise the countryside by rooting out the kulaks and persuading poor peasants to sign a register demanding to be collectivised

15
Q

what was done with the Kulaks?

A

they were divided into 3 categories:

  • counter-revolutionaries who were to be shot or sent to forced labour settlements
  • active opponents of collectivisation were deported often to Siberia
  • those who were expelled from their farms and settled on poor land
16
Q

what is the Holodomor genocide question?

A

attempts to determine whether the Holodomor, a 1933 man-made famine that killed 4 million people in Ukraine, was an ethnic genocide or an unintended results of the Soviet regime’s re-direction of already drought-reduced grain supplies

17
Q

did collectivisation succeed in its main aim?

A

yes- it provided resources for industrialisation

18
Q

how many people were deported to Siberia or labour camps through collectivisation?

A

up to 10 million people

19
Q

by how much did the grain harvest fall during collectivisation?

A

from 73.3 million tonnes in 1928 to 67.6m in 1934

20
Q

by how much did the state procurement levels of grain rise during collectivisation?

A

from 10.8m tonnes in 1928 to 22.8 in 1931

21
Q

by how much did exports rise during collectivisation?

A

from 0.03 million tones of grain in 1928 to 5.06m tonnes in 1931

22
Q

how much did livestock fall during collectivisation?

A
  • cows- 70.5m in 1928 to 38.4m in 1933
  • pigs- 26m in 1928 to 11.6m in 1932
  • sheep and goats 146.7m in 1928 to 50.2m in 1933
23
Q

how many peasants were dispossessed between 1929 and 1932?

A

10 million of which 2-3 million died

24
Q

what was the consequence of the removal of the kulaks?

A

lost agriculture its best and most skilled farmers

25
Q

how much resistance was there to collectivisation?

A
  • 30,000 arson attacks 1929-30

- 229 mass disturbances in the second half of 1930 alone

26
Q

how many lorries were there by 1938?

A

196k. But this compares to over 1 million in the US

27
Q

how many peasant households were in collectives by 1934 and 1936?

A

70% in 1934 rising to 96% in 1936

28
Q

what years did the first 5 year plan run?

A

October 1928 to December 1932

29
Q

what years did the second five year plan run?

A

January 1933 to December 1937

30
Q

how much did industrial outputs increase as a result of the 5 year plans?

A
  • coal production from 35.5m tonnes in 1928 to 165.9m tonnes in 1940
  • copper production from 30 thousand tonnes in 1929 to 160.9 thousand in 1940
  • electric power from 5 billion kWh in 1928 to 48.3 billion kWh in 1940
31
Q

who were the people’s Commissariats?

A

people responsible for working out detailed plans for different regions and enterprises under their control

32
Q

what was Magnitogorsk?

A

a new industrial city intended to showcase socialism in action. It was a big steel plant and town of 150k people

33
Q

what was the Moscow Metro?

A

the first underground railway system in the USSR. It was a second five year plan project designed to help Moscow deal with rapid industrialisation as peasants moved from the countryside to the city.

34
Q

when was the Moscow Metro built?

A

between 1932-1937

35
Q

What was the Dnieprostroi Dam?

A

powered aluminium and steel production in nearby new industrial centres. A dam that generated hydro-electric power

36
Q

when was the Dnieprostroi Dam constructed?

A

from 1927-1932

37
Q

what was the Moscow-Volga canal?

A

a 128km canal connecting the Moskva River to the Volga River. It made the Moskva river navigable by ships

38
Q

how was the Moscow-Volga canal built?

A

by 200k prisoners from the Dmitlag labour camp. Of which 22k died

39
Q

when was the Moscow-Volga canal built?

A

from 1932-1937

40
Q

what measure were brought in from 1930-1933 to deal with absentees?

A
  • dismissal
  • eviction from factory owned homes or loss of various benefits
  • prison sentences
  • wage differentials introduced to reward those who worked more
41
Q

when did absenteeism become a crime?

A

1940

42
Q

when was the labour book issued?

A

1938

43
Q

what forced labour occured?

A
  • 300k prisoners worked on Baltic-White sea Canal, many of them Kulaks
  • After April 1930 all criminals sentenced to more than 3 years were sent to labour camps to provide cheap labour
44
Q

what increasing pressures did managers face?

A
  • by 1936 the number of new workers coming int industry had declined by 2/3 because of better living conditions on collective farms and drafting into armed forces
  • military was given priority in the allocation of resources
45
Q

who was Alexei Stakhanov?

A

a drill operator who cut 102 tonnes of coal, 16x the norm amount in a shift. Claimed he had the world record for productivity and rewarded with 200 roubles and many other benefits like an apartment.

46
Q

when did the Stakhanov movements begin?

A

September 1933

47
Q

what % of women made up the 5YP workforce?

A

44%

48
Q

what were living conditions like during the 5YP?

A

worse:

  • living space fell from 8.5m2 to 5.8m2
  • 25% of families were living in one room shared by other families
  • 5% of families lived in a bathroom, kitchen, corridor or hallway