Why was possible the expansion of Islam?
The expansion was possible due to the military power
First 4 caliphs were Muhammad ______________. This provoked a ________________.
Name the 2 divisions and what did they believe.
First 4 caliphs were Muhammad RELATIVES. This provoked a DIVISSION.
SHIA:Caliph should be a Muhammad’s descendant.
SUNNIS:They believe that Caliph should be chosen among believers.
Umayyad dynasty:
(661-750)Capital in Damascus ——-|Great expansion
Abbasid dynasty:
(750-1258) Capital in Baghdad———-| regions became independent
Turks:
Govern the Caliphate from 13th Century and conquered Constantinople (1453)
What is the islamization?
The people that were conquered adopted islamic religion and culture
In the 8th century there was a crisis in which there were problems of …..
There were problems such as:
- Economic problems
- Rivalries between nobles.
In the 8th century there was a Civil War. What happened ??
There was a division between those who supported an elective monarchy (Roderic) and those who wanted and hereditary one (Achila). Roderic when and Achila asked for help to the governor of Tunisia. (He was an enemy)
BATTLE OF GUADALETE
when was it?
who fought?
who won?
In Battle of Guadalete Visigoths fought against Muslims in the 711. And in that battle Roderic died.
What happened after Muslims won the Battle of Guadalete?
They conquered the Iberian Peninsula easily because Visigoths surrounded.
When did they conquered all the Iberian Peninsula? Which was the place that they didn’t conquer?
The conquered the whole Iberian Peninsula except Cantabrian Mountains in 718.
What does the word MULADI mean?
After the conquest people that converted to Islam and spoke Arabic were called MULADI
What does de the word MOZARAB mean?
After the conquest people who remained christians were called MOZARABS and they were tolerated but sometimes persecuted.
How long did the Dependent Emirate lasted?
Between 718 till 756
Who ruled an Emirate?
An Emir
How long did the Independent Emirate lasted?
Between 756 till 929
Who fled to Córdoba? Why? When?
Abd-Al-Raham fled to Córdoba in 756 because Ummayad Dynasty was expelled from the caliphate.
What did Abd-Al-Rahman did?
He declared himself as the new emir of Córdoba and got the independence from the Caliphate—–} UMAYYAD EMIRATE OF CÓRDOBA
What problems were in the 10 century?
There were: internal rebellions, attacks by Christians and less maritime trade
What did Abd-Al-Rahman III did?
He proclaimed himself as the new caliph, and he became independent from Baghdad.
When did they stopped the advance of Christians?
They stopped the advance of Christians until the 13th century.
What was the only city that resisted the advance of the Christians? Why was important?
The city of Granada, was an important centre of trade.
Thanks to what stopped the Christians and conquered more lands?
Thanks to Al-Mansur expeditions.
Cities were surrounded by……..
Cities were surrounded by WALLS
A new social group appeared. How was it call? What did they do?
They were called ALFAQUÍES and they were; artisans, traders….
They were two types of social group in Al-Andalus, muslims and not muslims, and inside those groups more groups. How were it called? +info
SOCIAL GROUPS:
muslims:
1)ARABS:Minority. They came from Arabia at the beginning of the conquest.
2)BERBERS:Arrived to help in conquest from North Africa
3)MULADIES: Christians that convert into islam—-Majority
not muslims:They had to pay taxes and less rights.
1) MOZARABS: in cities. Christians that didn’t convert.
2) JEWS:they had more autonomy and worked in trade and science.
___________ were grouped in _____________ according to their ____________
ARTISANS were grouped in NEIGHBORHOODS, according to their JOB.
How were the typical markets called?
They were called souks.
What was the name of the currency that they have?
They only have one currency: DINAR (golden) and DIRHAM (silver).
What was the most important discipline in Islamic art? What did they do?
The most important discipline was architecture and they build mosque.
What did the koran forbid?
Koran prohibited human and religious representations so, paintings and sculpture didn’t develop.
Richly decorated with _________ and ___________.
Richly decorated with VAULDS and DOMES.
With what did they support the building?
They support the buildings with Pillars and Columns.
How were the exteriors decorated? And the interiors?
In the exterior they had austere decorations (poor) and they decorated more richly the interiors.
Did they decorated gardens?
Yes, they did.
Name the 4 types of decorations.
INTERLACING: Geometric motifs
ATAURIQUE: Plant motifs
ARABESQUE: Geometric + Plant motifs
CALLIGRAPHY: Letters to represent ideas.
(ARCHITECTURE)
1.Emirate and caliphate period: ages+info
756-1031
·The most important and well decorated buildings were made| MOSQUE OF GRANADA
(ARCHITECTURE)
2.Taifa and almohads period:ages+info
1031-1212
·Non decorated buildings|Austere. Examples: Giralda and Torre del Oro in Sevilla.
(ARCHITECTURE)
3.Nasgrid period: ages+info
1238-1492
·Richly decorated interior but poor quality materials. Examples:Alhambra in Granada.