Adjectives & Present Tense Flashcards

Adjectives - Agreement, position & apocopation. Present Tense - Radical Changing & Reflexive. Word Order

1
Q

Do adjectives agree with their noun in number + gender?

A

Yes

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2
Q

What are the rules for adjectives ending in -o?

A

MS = -o. FS = -a. MP = -os. FP = -as.

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3
Q

What are the rules for adjectives ending in a consonant or -e?

A

Same in Masc + Fem Singular forms. Those ending in a consonant in plural, add -es. Those ending in -e in plural, add -s. However, z - ces.

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4
Q

What are the rules for adjectives of nationality + those ending in -án, -ín, -ón + -or?

A

It stays the same in MS, add -es for MP. Remove accent + add -a for FS. For FP, remove accent + add -as.

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5
Q

Which words ending in -or are irregular + how do they act?

A

Irregular comparatives + superlatives e.g. mejor, peor, mayor, menor, exterior, interior, anterior, posterior, superior, inferior + ulterior. Behave like those ending in consonant/-e. Go before noun.

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6
Q

Give examples of adjectives which end in -a in both the masculine + singular form. What are the rules for these?

A

Belga, adjectives ending in -ista + cada. Just add -s for the plural forms.

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7
Q

What are the rules for adjectives placed before more than one noun?

A

They should agree with the first noun.

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8
Q

What are the rules for adjectives placed after more than one noun?

A

They should take masculine plural agreement.

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9
Q

Which nouns might be used as adjectives? What are their rules?

A

Colours when the name of a fruit or flower is used (e.g. orange). Do not change.

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10
Q

What are the rules for adjectives when they are used as the complement of the sentence after ser, estar, parecer + resultar?

A

They must agree with the noun.

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11
Q

Which adjectives might be shortened + when?

A

Some drop the final letter. (Grande/gran before MS + FS) Bueno/buen, malo/mal, primero/primer, tercero/tercer, alguno/algún, ninguno/ningún before MS) When santo is for male saint, San, except before Do- or To- (e.g. Santo Domingo)

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12
Q

Where are adjectives usually placed?

A

After the noun.

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13
Q

Which adjectives might come before the noun?

A

Shortened ones + those which vary their definition depending on position.

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14
Q

These adjectives mean different things depending on their position, what changes?
Antiguo, cierto, distinto, grande, medio.

A

Former/Ancient, Certain/beyond doubt, Various/different, Great/big, Half/average.

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15
Q

These adjectives mean different things depending on their position, what changes?
Pobre, puro, raro, simple, varios.

A

Poor (pitied)/poor (not rich), sheer/pure, rare/strange, simple(mere)/simple minded, several/various.

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16
Q

What is formed when the neuter article is placed before an adjective?

A

It forms an abstract noun.

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17
Q

What happens when 2 adjectives are of equal importance?

A

They are placed after the noun + linked by ‘y’.

18
Q

If 1 adjective is less closely allied to the noun, what happens?

A

It is placed before it and the other is placed after.

19
Q

How might you make an adjective negative?

A

Use sin + infinitive (e.g. es un método sin probar) or poco + adjective (e.g. una película poco interesante).

20
Q

What are the basic rules for radical changing verbs?

A

Spelling change only in parts 1, 2, 3 + 6.

21
Q

What are the 4 different spelling changes for radical changing verbs?

A

e-ie, o-ue, e-I + u-ve.

22
Q

Give examples of verbs which have the spelling change e - ie.

A

Pensar, cerrar, empezar, merendar, encender, entender, mentir, perder, consentir, querer, recomendar, divertirse, sugerir, sentir, tener, confesar, vertir, venir, pensar, preferir, despertarse, sentarse + negar.

23
Q

Give examples of verbs which have the spelling change o - ue.

A

Volver, almorzar, soler, contar, encontrar, probar, poder, morir, devolver, recordar, envolver, jugar, doler, dormir, llover, torcer, acostarse, mover + resolver.

24
Q

Give examples of verbs which have the spelling change e - i,

A

Pedir, medir, conseguir, repetir, seguir, reír, servir, decir, reñir + elegir.

25
Q

Conjugate the verb:

Perseguir

A

Persigo, persigues, persigue, perseguimos, perseguís, persiguen.

26
Q

Conjugate the verb:

Oler

A

Huelo, hueles, huele, olemos, oléis, huelen.

27
Q

What are reflexive verbs?

A

Verbs where the action reflects back on the subject.

28
Q

What are the reflexive pronouns?

A

Me, te, se, nos, os, se.

29
Q

How do you form a reflexive verb?

A

Conjugate as normal + add the reflexive pronoun before it.

30
Q

What are some uses of the reflexive?

A

In plural it shows doing the action to each other, to avoid the passive, to express possession in self inflicted actions + possessive adjective isn’t used, used to describe becoming.

31
Q

In what different ways is the reflexive used to describe becoming?

A

Hacerse + noun/adjective (voluntary effort to become)
Ponerse + adjective (Change of mood/appearance/physical condition)
Volverse + adjective (Involuntary psychological/mental change, only people + animals)
Convertirse en + noun (Fundamental change e.g. modern)
Quedarse (Loss is implied)

32
Q

Give examples of reflexive verbs.

A

Acostarse, afeitarse, bañarse, calzarse, conocerse, cortarse, lavarse, meterse, despertarse, dormirse, ducharse, emborracharse.

33
Q

Which words might change meaning in the reflexive + describe them?

A

Morir(se) - To die accidentally/deliberately (To die naturally/through illness)
Encontrar(se) - To find/meet (To find something by chance/be situated)
Olvidar(se) - To forget intentionally (To forget accidentally)
Reír(se) - To laugh (at)

34
Q

When might the reflexive pronoun go after the verb?

A
Compound tenses (Reflexive pronoun + haber + verb)
Infinitive Constructions (Reflexive verb + infinitive + reflexive pronoun)
Positive imperatives (Imperative + reflexive pronoun)
Negative imperatives (Reflexive pronoun + negative imperative)
Present participle (e.g. estoy levantándome)
35
Q

What does ‘algo’ mean?

When can it be used and what are its rules?

A

Something. Doesn’t agree with the noun + can be used alone, with an adjective or with de + infinitive. (e.g. Quieres algo de comer)

36
Q

What does ‘alguien’ mean?

What are its rules?

A

Somebody. Doesn’t agree with noun + can be used alone or with que + subjunctive (e.g. Quiero a alguien que me aprecie)

37
Q

What does ‘alguno’ mean?
What are its rules?
Does its spelling change?

A

Somebody/some. Agrees with noun + becomes algún before MS. Alguna = FS, algunos = MP, algunas = FP.

38
Q

What does ‘ninguno’ mean?
Does its spelling change?
What are its rules?

A

Not one/no. Ningún = MS, ningunos = MP, ningunas = FP. Only used in plural form if noun only exists in plural (e.g. gafas) Agrees with noun.

39
Q

Meanings + rules:

Mucho, poco, todo, tanto, otro, cualquier, varios.

A

Many/lots, a bit/few, all, as many/so much, other, any, various.
Agree with noun they describe (In adjective form) or replace (in pronoun form) Tanto shortens to tan before adjective.

40
Q

If the noun is masculine singular + comes directly after the adjective, what happens?

A

Use the shortened form. e.g. gran

41
Q

What do these mean if they’re before and after the noun:
Mismo
Pobre

A

Same, itself.

Poor (pitiable), poor (financial)