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Flashcards in Abdominal Deck (12)
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1
Q

Indications

When we do abdominal ultrasound?

A
  • When we need to do emergency evaluation (aFAST)
  • Elective evaluation (surgical/medical work up, neoplasia staging, FNA/biopsies, single system evaluation (reproductive tract)
2
Q

Advantages are?

What about the disadvantages?

A
Non invasive 
Sensitive 
No special prep 
FNA/biopsy
Adjacent organs 
Architecture of organs 
Only small section or image 
Time consuming
Gas in the GIT
Needs experience
Function of organs?
Low specificity
3
Q

How to prep the patient?

A
12h fast
Ideally empty colon
Moderately filled urinary bladder 
Sedation, analgesia, general analgesia
Clipping 
Alcohol/gel
Positioning
4
Q

Check list?

A
Size 
Shape 
Location 
Margination
Echogenicity 
Architecture 
Function: GI peristalsis 
Neighboring structures
5
Q

Lower urinary and bladder indications are?

A
Dysuria/haemauria/stranguria
Urinary tract infection
Abnormalities on urinanalysis
Incontinence
Suspicion of ectopic ureters
Post trauma bladder integrity 
Caudal abdominal mass
Perianal/perineal rupture/hernia
To assess urine output 
Cystocentesis (urine sample)
6
Q

Normal urinary bladder is?

What kind of Finding we can have after catetherization or cystocentesis?

What layers there are?

What affect wall thickness?

A

Anechoic content wise

Echogenic urine

Wall: 4 layers (serosa, muscle, submucosa, mucosa)

Wall thickness depends on FILLING

7
Q

Indications for spleen are?

A
Splenomegaly
Abdominal mass
Peritoneal effusion/hemoperineum 
Abdominal pain/sudden weakness/collapse
Trauma patient 
Follow-up incidental Finding of spleen
8
Q

Which is in constant position? Splenic head, splenic body or tail?

Where are the other two parts situated?

A

Splenic head is always caudodorsal to stomach and often under the caudal rib cage

Splenic body and tail are along the left abdominal wall sometimes crossing the midline centrally, sometimes even visible cranially to the urinary bladder

9
Q

The shape of spleen? And margins should be?

What about the size, what can cause variation in size?

How should the spleen look like?

When you compare the spleen to kidney cortex and liver what should it look like?

A

Triangular and sharp margins

Variable size can be because of sedation

Smooth borders with echogenic capsule

Hyperechoic to liver and kidney cortex

10
Q

Kidney indications?

Normal kidney is?

Medulla is what to cortex?

What two parts are hyperechoic?

What is the most anechoic part?

How does it compare to liver?

A

Abnormal palpitation findings
To explain lab abnormalities
Urination issues
X-ray anbnormalities like altered shape size urolithiasis bad detail and post trauma

Normal kidney is uniform granular echotexture and medium echogenicity, medulla is hypoechoic compared to cortex.

Renal pelvis is hyperechoic and fat at renal hilus

Renal medulla

It is often isoechoic to liver or slightly hypo

11
Q

Adrenal glands indications m?

A

Differentiation of primary and secondary hyperadrenocorticism

To investigate masses in dorsal or retroperitoneal area

To investigate hypertension causes

To search for metastasis

12
Q

Echogenicity of adrenal glands is?

What we cant assess?

Incidental finding in cats?

A

Medulla is echogenic
And cortex is isoechogenic or hypoechogenic

MEANING the layers are sometimes visible and sometimes not

Functionality we can’t assess

Mineralization