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Anatomy and Physiology > A&P Test 3 (Muscles and Joints) > Flashcards

A&P Test 3 (Muscles and Joints) Flashcards

1
Q

5 characteristics of Muscles

A

responsiveness, conductibility, contractibility, extensibility, elasticity

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2
Q

responsiveness

A

(excitability) capable of responses to chemical signals and stretch

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3
Q

conductibility

A

local electrical charges trigger a wave of excitation

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4
Q

contractibility

A

shortens when stimulated

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5
Q

extensibility

A

capable of being stretched

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6
Q

elasticity

A

returns to its original resting length after its stretched.

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7
Q

Skeletal Muscles

A

usually attached to 1 or more bones, myofibrils as long as 30 cm, give us striations, under conscious control

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8
Q

striations

A

light and ark transverse bands, due to the overlapping of contractile filaments

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9
Q

Connective Tissue

A

surrounds the muscle and holds it together but does not have same characteristics as muscle tissue; not excitable, not contractile, little elasticity. Main function is to give us a place for blood vessels and nerves

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10
Q

tendon

A

attaches muscle to bone

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11
Q

ligament

A

attaches bone to bone

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12
Q

fascia

A

connective tissue that covers the outside of a muslce

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13
Q

epimysium

A

thin layer of connective tissue around entire muscle

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14
Q

perimysium

A

wraps each bundle of fibers w/in the epimysium (wraps a fascicle)

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15
Q

endomysium

A

wraps each cell or fiber

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16
Q

Muscle Fibers

A

has many structures including a membrane around it like any cell

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17
Q

Sarcolemma

A

plasma membrane around the outside of a muscle cell

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18
Q

sarcoplasm

A

cytoplasm of muscle cell (contains ska organelles as a normal cell), holds glycogen for energy, holds myoglobin for binding oxygen

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19
Q

sarcoplasmic reticulum

A

smooth ER of muscle cell (stores calcium ions)

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20
Q

triad

A

2 terminal cistern and a T-tubule (located btwn the SR)

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21
Q

terminal cisternae

A

lager than tubes of SR, perpendicular to normal SR direction

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22
Q

T-tubule

A

connects to sarcolemma, has multiple nuclei due to fusion of myoblasts

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23
Q

myoblasts

A

each has 1 nucleus, fuse to form myotubes, they fuse due to internal membranes disappearing, now multi nucleic

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24
Q

satellite cells

A

(muscle stem cells) we don’t make more muscle, they just grow from use (hypertrophy). Only produce more muscle cells if injured.

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25
Q

myofilaments

A

bindles of parallel proteins

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26
Q

filaments

A

some thick and some thin, Z-line, M-line, striations

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27
Q

Z-line

A

goes all the way through the myofibril, like a protein pancake, thin filament are attached to to z-line, runs the length of the sarcomere

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28
Q

M-line

A

middle of the sarcomere where thick filaments are connected

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29
Q

striations

A

mixture of thick and thin filaments

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30
Q

titin

A

run through core of each thick filaments and connects to the z-line…helps keep sarcomere aligned.

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31
Q

thick filaments

A

made of myosin, have knobs that interact with thin filaments, a few hundred myosin molecules, globular heads and are hooked up shaft to shaft

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32
Q

thin filaments

A

made of actin, create strands that twist, have tropomyosin and troponin, each has an active site

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33
Q

tropomyosin

A

attached to actin and splits into 8 little proteins

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34
Q

troponin

A

protein thats attached to tropomyosin

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35
Q

motor neurons

A

skeletal muscle has to be stimulated to contract

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36
Q

neuron

A

individual nerve cells, each can go to a few different muscle cells (located in brain and spinal cord)

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37
Q

axons

A

long extensions of motor neurons that go to each muscle cell, about 200 terminal branches that supply 1 cell each.

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38
Q

motor unit

A

each neuron and cells that it connects. over 1000 muscle cells total, some need multiple neurons to contract. don’t all contract at once, more units involved, more control we have

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39
Q

postural control

A

motor units taking turns flexing and resting

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40
Q

fine control

A

smaller motor units so control is quick and accurate, we have fewer fibers per nerve

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41
Q

strength control

A

larger units w/ 1000 fibers/nerve. More broad and brute strength (big contractions)

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42
Q

Neuro Muscular Junctions

A

NMJ - synapse is region where nerve fibers make functional contact w. target cell

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43
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

ACh gets released from nerve fiber which causes the muscle cell to be stimulated

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44
Q

synaptic terminal

A

swollen end of the nerve (has vesicles of ACh)

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45
Q

motor end plate

A

region of muscle cell surface (has ACh receptors that bind to ACh released by the nerve, then AChE is enzyme that comes in to break down the ACh)

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46
Q

Shwann cells

A

envelopes and isolates the NMJ

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47
Q

Action potential

A

branch from neuron to axon muscle cells where signals are sent

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48
Q

Neuromuscular toxins

A

AChE breaks down ACh

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49
Q

cholinesterase inhibitor

A

keeps ACh from being broken down so muscles must stay contracted (seen in pesticides, kills insects)

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50
Q

botulism

A

(bacterial) prevents synaptic vesicle release of ACh, muscles cannot contract

51
Q

curare

A

causes muscle paralysis, binds to receptors so ACh cant

52
Q

tetrodotoxin

A

comes from animals and blocks sodium channels, this stops action potential from flowing.

53
Q

plasma membrane

A

polarized, resting potential due to sodium built up on outside and potassium built up on inside. Gives us a membrane potential around -90mV. When stimulated, gates open so Na rushes in and K rushes out, now potential is different. (more positive)

54
Q

Muscle Contraction 1st

A

gets electrical signal from action potential, when the signal reaches the synaptic knob, the voltage gated calcium channel is opened and calcium rushes in. this stimulates synaptic vesicles with ACh to be exocytised.

55
Q

Muscle Contraction 2nd

A

ACh gets exocytosized and binds to receptors on end plate potential. Now channels get opened so Na can rush in, K can leave, and the membrane potential shifts to more positive

56
Q

Muscle Contraction 3rd

A

voltage change gives us the action potential so we have reaction (must reach -55mV). action potential moves across sarcolemma and reaches T-tubule. No voltage gated calcium channels open so calcium can get into SR where its stored.

57
Q

Muscle Contraction 4th

A

Calcium is released, binds to troponin, which stimulates tropomyosin to slide down into actin ditch, now myosin can bind to actin’s active site.

58
Q

Muscle Contraction 5th

A

myosin head has ATP and forms a cross bridge (this cocks the myosin head for power stroke) thin filaments gets pulled towards M-line

59
Q

Muscle Relaxation 1st

A

AChE comes in and removes the ACh from the receptor so muscle is no longer contracted. This kills the action potential, no more calcium

60
Q

Muscle Relaxation 2nd

A

calcium gets reabsorbed into terminal cisternae, now it returns back to calsequestrin which holds it until its released. No calcium = no tension in filaments.

61
Q

Rigor Mortis

A

stiffening of the body after death, begins 3-4 hours after you die, peaks at 12 hours, stops about 48 hours later. SR releases all of its calcium so myosin is activated and all muscle contract. We need ATP to relax our muscles and since we are dead, theres no ATP so we stay flexed until myofilaments break down

62
Q

Muscle Recruitment

A

little stimulation = little contraction, big stimulation = big contraction. When you start exercising you use stored myoglobin, then take in glucose through glycolosis which can make 36 ATP. Next up is phosphogen system, takes in creatine phosphate and makes 1 ATP. Next is anaerobic fermentation (produces lactic acid and 2 ATP)

63
Q

Immediate energy

A

oxygen supply runs out, myoglobin provides oxygen for a short burst, most ATP is gained from stealing a phosphate from another molecule. (Phosphagen system) myokinase and creatine kinase…

64
Q

myokinase

A

transfers the phosphate from 1 ADP to another which makes it an ATP

65
Q

creatine kinase

A

obtains phosphate from creatine phosphate and gives it to ADP so it becomes ATP

66
Q

Short-term energy

A

once phopshagen system is out, glycogen-lactic acid system kicks in. Muscles obtain glucose from blood and stored glycogen…gives us anaerobic fermintation

67
Q

Long-term energy

A

high levels of long term muscle use, we must have oxygen to our muscles (aerobic respiration) this gives us 36 ATP per 1 glucose. Hard to get to but if you do, its most efficient.

68
Q

Phosphagen system

A

quick bursts (sprints, jumping, diving, weight lifting)

69
Q

Phosphagen and Glycogen-Lactic Acid

A

basketball, hockey, 200 m dash

70
Q

Glycogen-Lactic Acid

A

100 m swim, 400 m dash, tennis, soccer

71
Q

GLA and aerobic

A

boxing, 1 mile run, rowing, long swim

72
Q

Aerobic respiration

A

marathon, jogging, cross country skiing

73
Q

Fatigue

A

progressive weakness and loss of contractibility. Caused by: ATP synthesis declining as glycogen is used, ATP shortage causes sodium potassium pumps to fail, lactic acid lowers pH of sarcoplasm so enzymes aren’t as efficient, motor nerve fibers use up ACh, depletion of creatine phosphate.

74
Q

Endurance

A

we need oxygen intake to get most out of our muscles, VO2 max is proportional to body size and peaks at 20. carb loading gives us excess glycogen so muscles and liver can get more energy as needed.

75
Q

Muscle Recovery

A

Cori cycle and Oxygen Debt, when muscles are fatigued they have to recover.

76
Q

Cori cycle

A

removal and recycling or lactic acid, liver converts lactic acid into pyruvic acid, pyruvic acid used in aerobic resp. to make ATP, which makes glucose and is then stored in glyocgen

77
Q

Oxygen debt

A

occurs when you try to catch your breath, O2 is replaced by myoglobin and hemoglobin from your lungs. Thus replenishes your phosphogen system and reconverts lactic acid to glucose.

78
Q

Slow twitch muscle fibers

A

(red) more mitochondria, myoglobin, and capillaries

79
Q

fast twitch muscle fibers

A

(white) rich in enzymes for phosphagen and glycogen-lactic acids systems. large in diameter, lots of myofibrils, and more glycogen for our smaller quick muscles.

80
Q

Muscle conditioning

A

resistance training and endurance training

81
Q

resistance training

A

(anaerobic exercise) stimulates cell enlargement (hypertrophy) due to synthesis of more myofilaments

82
Q

endurance training

A

(aerobic exercise) produces an increase in mitochondria, glycogen, and density of the capillaries

83
Q

Cardiac muscles

A

shorter than skeletal muscles, thicker, branched and linked at intercalated disks. Less SR but larger T-tubules to get Ca+ from ECF. its auto rhythmic so it beats on its own. Uses aerobic reap exclusively

84
Q

smooth muscle

A

fuseifrom cells with 1 nucleus, no striations, sarcomeres, or z-discs. thin filaments attach to dense bodies scattered throughout sarcoplasm and on sarcolemma. Nerve supply is autonomic, involuntary control. Could contract due to hormones, CO2, low pH, stretch, O2 defiance.

85
Q

multi-unit smooth

A

in larger arteries, iris, pulmonary air passages, arrestor pili muscles. terminal nerve branches synapse on individual monocytes of motor units. independent contraction.

86
Q

single-unit smooth

A

in most blood vessels and viscera as both circular and longitudinal muscle layers. electrically couples by gap junctions. large # of cells contract as a single unit.

87
Q

Smooth muscle contraction and relaxation

A

calcium form extracellular fluid enter cells through channels. calmoudin activates the myosin light-chain kinase and allows the myosin to bind with actin. Thin filaments pull on intermediate ones that makes the cell twist. slow contraction and relaxation. Uses 10-300 times less ATP (latch-bridge mechanism)

88
Q

vascular tone

A

partial contraction

89
Q

joints

A

made of fibrous material and cartilage that joins two bones.

90
Q

cartilage in joints

A

collagen fibers, hyaline cartilage, fibrocartilage

91
Q

collagen fibers

A

connects radius to ulna, and tibia to fibula

92
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

synovial joints (highly movable, most common)

93
Q

fibrocartilage

A

in spine and pubic symphysis

94
Q

Types of joints

A

sutures, gomphosis, syndesmosis, synchondrois, symphysis, synostosis

95
Q

sutures

A

fibrous joints of skull bones

96
Q

gomphosis

A

tooth in a socket

97
Q

syndesmosis

A

two parallel bones

98
Q

synchondrosis

A

hyaline cartilage

99
Q

symphysis

A

fibrocartilage

100
Q

synostosis

A

bone fusion

101
Q

Synovial Joints

A

most common (knee, shoulder, elbow)

102
Q

fiborous capsule

A

connective tissue that goes from 1 bone to another and encloses the joint space

103
Q

joint cavity

A

holds synovial fluid

104
Q

articular cartilage

A

hyaline cartilage around ends of the bones

105
Q

synovial membrane

A

produces synovial fluid (allows cartilage to slide past each other)

106
Q

meniscus

A

pad of fibrocartilage in wrist, knee, jaw

107
Q

tendons

A

attach muscle to bone

108
Q

ligaments

A

attach bone to bone

109
Q

bursa

A

saclike extension of joint capsule that extends btwn structures for lubrication

110
Q

tendon sheath

A

elongated cylinders of connective tissue lined with synovial membrane and wrapped around a tendon

111
Q

humeroscapular joint

A

most mobile due to shallow glenoid cavity

112
Q

rotator cuff

A

subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor

113
Q

Knee Joint

A

4 tendons: medial collateral, lateral collateral, posterior cruciate, anterior cruciate. 2 menisii: lateral and medial

114
Q

arthritis

A

broad term for pain and inflammation

115
Q

osteoarthritis

A

normal wear and tear, cartilage softens and desengrates

116
Q

crepitus

A

noise of bones rubbing against things

117
Q

bone spurs

A

calcification of bone fragments, leads to extra growth

118
Q

rheumatoid arthritis

A

autoimmune disease, antibodies attack synovial membrane and cartilage disentigrates

119
Q

gout

A

metabolic disorder, build up of uric acid (big toe)

120
Q

bursitis

A

inflammation of bursa

121
Q

bunion

A

bursitis of big toe, metatarsal joint leads to big toe turning in

122
Q

tendonitis/tenosynovitis

A

inflammation of a tendon and its sheath

123
Q

ganglion cyst

A

gelatinous swelling, extension of joint capsule

Anatomy and Physiology (6 decks)

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