A&P Final Review Flashcards
A person lying face up is in the __________ position
Supine
The human form shown upright, hands at the side, palms forward, and feet together is in the __________ position
Anatomical
__________ is on anatomical term meaning “above or at a higher level”
Superior
The term __________ means the study of internal and external structures and the physical relationship between the body parts
Anatomy
__________ is the study of how living organisms perform their vital functions
Physiology
A __________ feedback is a initial stimulus that produces a response that reinforces that stimulus
Positive
A __________ is a subatomic particle with a negative charge
Electron
__________ are chemical bonds created by the electrical attraction between anions and cations
Ionic Bonds
Chemical bonds created by the sharing of __________ with other atoms are called covalent bonds
Electron
__________ energy is energy in motion
Kinetic
Sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium are examples of __________
Cat ions
Sulfate, biphosphate, bicarbonate, and chloride are examples of __________
Anions
__________ compounds do not contain hydrogen and carbon atoms
Inorganic
__________ is the net movement of molecules from an area of relatively high concentrations to an area of relatively low concentration
Diffusion
The diffusion of water across the cell membrane is called __________
Osmosis
Bone, fat and blood can all be classified __________ tissue
Connective
List one primary action of macrophages __________
Engulf damaged cells or pathogens
__________ are proteins that destroy invading microorganisms
Antibodies
Reddish-purple blotches due to leakage of blood from an artery or vein or called __________
Ecchymosis
A bluish appearance of the skin is called
Cyanosis
The central shaft of a long bone is called___________
Diaphysis
The pelvic girdle is included in the___________division of the skeleton
Appendicular
The fibrous connective tissue connecting the bone of the skull at birth is called___________
Fontanelle
___________ is the most abundant mineral in the human body
Calcium
Stored in bone
___________ is the neurotransmitter or chemical released by a motor neuron to communicate with other cells
Acetylcholine
The specialized cells that determine the timing of cardiac muscle contractions are called ___________
Pacemaker cells
The___________ muscle separate the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavity
Diaphragm
Forenic nerve
All neutral tissue outside of the brain and spinal cord make up the___________ nervous system
Peripheral NS
Information is carried to the CNS by the___________division, and motor commands are carried by the muscles and glands via the___________division.
Afferent
Efferent
The autonomic component of nervous system provides automatic involuntary regulation of___________muscle, ___________muscle, and___________secritions.
Smooth
Cardiac
Glandular
Refractory period is ___________
Limits the rate at which action potentials can be generated in an excitable membrane.
Synapsis that release norepinephrine are called___________
Adrenergic
The three layers of specialized membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord are the___________
___________ ___________
Dura mater
Arachnoid
Pia mater
(The Meninges)
___________ is caused by a imbalance in the amount of CSF fluid production and rate at which it is absorbed
Hydrocephalus
The ___________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies
Sympathetic
The parasympathetic nervous system has nicotinic and___________ receptors
Muscarinic
Musc-arinic
T/F The nervous system coordinates voluntary and involuntary responses of many other organ systems
True
List three things the parasympathetic system controls
___________
___________
___________
Relaxation
Food processing
Energy absorption
The ___________ division of the autonomic nervous system stimulates tissue metabolism, increases alertness, and prepares the body to deal with emergencies
Sympathetic
The stimulation of Beta-1 receptors cause increase in___________
Heart rate
Increases automaticity
Temperature is considered a___________sence
General
Receptors sensitive to chemical stimuli are called___________
chemoreceptors
___________monitors changes in pressure, such as in the carotid artery and aorta.
Barorceptors
The chemical messengers of the endocrine system called___________
Hormones
The hormone released by the___________control other endocrine glands.
Not Hypothalamus.
“Anterior pituitary” edited answer with Pedro
The endocrine cells of the pancreas produce___________and___________
Glucagon
Insulin
The most important hormone produced in the male gonads is___________
Testosterone
___________to___________ is the average pH of whole blood
7.35-7.45
___________binds and transports carbon dioxide and oxygen
Hemoglobin
Vitamin___ is needed, along with intrinsic factor, for erythropoiesis to occur.
Vitamin B 12
___________are the most common type of white blood cells
Neutrophil
“Never let monkeys eat bananas”
The __________are types of white blood cells that discharge granules that prevent blood clotting
Basophils
Least common type
The Vitamin___, affects almost every aspect of the clotting process.
Vitamin K
When the heart beats, the first chambers to contract are the__________then the __________
Atrium (P wave)
Ventricle (QRS wave)
T/F During contraction the diameter of the ventricle chamber decreases
True
T/F The left ventricle is thicker than the right ventricle
True
T/F During contraction the distance between the heart’s apex and base decrease
True
__________ is the term for dead tissue caused by interruption cardiac blood flow.
Infarct
__________ is the term for faster than normal heart rate.
Tachycardia
__________is the delivery of sufficient electrical energy to the heart to depolarize the myocardial muscle mass with limited damage
Defibrillation
List three areas the coronary arteries supply
Atrium
Ventricle
Intraventricular septum
An__________ is the recording of the electrical events of the heart
Electrocardiogram
The general rule of “more in equals more out,” is referred to as__________
Frank-Starling Principal
__________is the increase in diameter of an artery and it’s central opening.
Vasodilation
The__________sphincter controls the flow of blood into the capillary.
Precapillary sphincter
A rhythmic pressure oscillation that accompanies each heartbeat is known as__________.
Pulse
Hypoperfusion, or a state of inadequate tissue perfusion is commonly called__________.
Shock
And the proximal convoluted tubule water goes out of the tubular fluid by the process of__________.
Osmosis
__________is a metabolic waste product of the breakdown of amino acids.
Urea
The higher the aldosterone level, the more__________ ions are reclaimed and the more __________are lost.
Sodium ions are reclaimed
Potassium ions are lost
__________occurs when alveolar ventilation is increased, resulting in excess elimination of CO2
Respiratory Alkalosis
Metabolic__________is due to an increase in bicarbonate
Alkalosis
Respiratory acidosis is the result of_______capnia.
Hypercapnia
Respiratory__________ can be treated with the administration of sodium bicarbonate
Acidosis
__________are specialized cells that perform an array of specific functions in defending the body.
Lymphocytes
__________ is the body’s ability to resist infection and disease through the activation of specific defenses
Immunity
Which type of lymphocyte can differentiate into plasma cells, witch produce and secret antibodies?
_____(cells)
B cells
Which type of lymphocyte attacks cancer cells that appeared normal tissue?
_____(cells)
NK cells
Natural Killer cells
An inflammation of the lymphoid nodules in the appendix is a condition known as__________.
Appendicitis
List 3 functions of the spleen
____________________
____________________
____________________
1, Removes abnormal blood cells and components
2, Initiates the response of B cells and T cells
3, Stores iron from recycled red blood cells
The purpose of inflammation is to__________.
To perform a temporary repair at the injury site
To slow the spread of pathogen
To mobilize a wide range of the defenses it can overcome the pathogens
Regeneration
__________and__________ are the chemical that initiate the process of inflammation
Histamine
Heparin
