A&P exam 4 ch 11,12,13

Question 1

structures of lymphatic system

Answer 1

Lymph
Lymphatic vessels 
Lymph nodes
Thymus 
Tonsils
Spleen

Question 2

function of lymph

Answer 2

fluid in the tissue space , carries protein and other substances back to the blood

Question 3

role of thymus

Answer 3

plays a vital and central role in IMMUNITY. It produces T lymphocytes, or T cells, and secretes hormones called THYMOSINS

Question 4

inflammation
“red hot bump that hurts”
hot?
bump?

Answer 4

red/erythema- increased network of blood supply
hot- increased blood supply
bump/edema- fluid has seeped into the interstitial fluid, it has seeped out of the blood vessels
hurts- the free nerve endings have been irritated by the edema

Question 5

natural immunity vs.

artificial immunity

Answer 5

natural-exposure to a causative agent that is not deliberate vs.
artificial-occurs when the exposure to a causative agent is deliberate

Question 6

Active vs passive immunity

Answer 6

active disease produces immunity, passive immunity, disease passes from mother to fetus through placenta or from mother to child through mother’s milk.

Question 7

passive artificial immunity

Answer 7

a protective material developed in another individual’s immune system is given to a previously nonimmune individual.

Question 8

antigens are produced where?

and do what?

Answer 8

???
lock and key
protein molecules imbedded in the surface membranes of invading cells
Present in red blood cells 
Activate immune system

Question 9

erythrocytes are what?

Answer 9

red blood cells
*produced mainly in the sternum and hip bone
RBC transport oxygen and carbon dioxide

Question 10

layers of the heart

chambers

Answer 10

from outside of the heart to inside of the heart:
pericardium-the main cover has 2 layers
parietal pericardium–outer layer
visceral pericardium/epidardium-inner layer
myocardium-cardiac muscle tissue

Question 11

chambers of the heart

Answer 11

The heart has two UPPER chambers called atria, which are the receiving chambers. RIGHT and LEFT ATRIA
The two LOWER chambers are called ventricles, which are the discharging chambers. RIGHT and LEFT VENTRICLES

Question 12

S1 vs S2 is closure of what valves?

Answer 12

S1 is closing of the atrioventricular valves AV (bicuspid/mitral valve)
S2 is the semilunar valve SL (pulmonary R and aortic L)

Question 13

cardiac output vs stroke volume

Answer 13

cardiac minute

stroke beat

Question 14

cardiac output

Answer 14

volume of blood pumped by one ventricle PER/EACH MINUTE

Question 15

*stroke volume

Answer 15

the amount of blood that is ejected from the ventricles of the heart with PER/EACH BEAT

Question 16

sequence for the conduction system

Answer 16

1-sinoatrial, SA node, is the pacemaker of the heart
2-atrioventricular, AV node
3-AV bundle aka bundle of His
4-Purkinje fibers

Question 17

depolarization and EKG

Answer 17

The normal ECG has three deflections or waves.
P wave is associated with depolarization of the atria.
QRS complex is associated with depolarization of the ventricles,
T wave is associated with repolarization of the ventricles.

Question 18

polycythemia

Answer 18

an excessive number of red blood cells/erythrocytes

Question 19

pernicious anemia

Answer 19

deficiency of red blood cells resulting from a lack of vitamin B12

Question 20

leukopenia

Answer 20

abnormally LOW white blood cell numbers in the blood

Question 21

vitamin k stimulates the liver to increase the production of what?

Answer 21

synthesis of prothrombin

Question 22

thrombus

Answer 22

stationary blood clot

Question 23

embolus

Answer 23

a blood clot or other substance (bubble of air) that is moving in the blood and may block a blood vessel

Question 24

universal donor vs recipient

Answer 24

The universal donor is blood type O Rh-negative

universal recipient is AB- Rh-positive

Question 25

erythroblastosis fetalis

Answer 25

a disease that may develop when an Rh-negative mother has anti-Rh antibodies and gives birth to an Rh-positive baby and the antibodies react with the Rh-positive cells of the baby

Question 26

WBCs are what?

Answer 26

white blood cells aka leukocytes
defense and… types:
*neutrophils immune defense/phagocytosis
lymphocytes/ B cell and T cell

Question 27

platelets are what?

Answer 27

aka thrombocytes
blood clotting/scabs
prothrombin activator>prothrombin >thrombin>fibrinogen>fibrin

Question 28

sickle-cell anemia is caused by what?

Answer 28

is inherited

not disk like, less able to carry oxygen

Question 29

systolic vs diastolic pressure

Answer 29

systole, contraction phase, squeeze, flow out and

diastole, relaxation phase, flow in

Question 30

preload
afteroad
contractility

Answer 30

?

Question 31

largest lymphoid organ

Answer 31

spleen
behind the stomach ULQ of the abdomen
phagocytosis and blood reservoir

Question 32

largest lymphatic vessel

Answer 32

thoracic duct

Question 33

leukemia

Answer 33

blood cancer, cells are not functioning properly

elevated WBC count

Question 34

the average person has ___ liters of blood

Answer 34

5L

7-9% of body weight

Question 35

plasma consist of

Answer 35

water, nutrients, salts(electrolytes and ions) hormones

Question 36

*red bone marrow

Answer 36

aka, myeloid tissue, a connective tissue (along with lymphatic tissue) make blood cells for the body
forms all blood cells except some lymphocytes and monocytes, which are formed by lymphatic tissue in the lymph nodes, thymus, and spleen.

Question 37

anemia

Answer 37

is the inability of blood to carry adequate oxygen to tissues due to inadequate RBC numbers or a deficiency of hemoglobin (a type of protein)

Question 38

leukocytosis

Answer 38

is an abnormally HIGH white blood cell count

Question 39

Neutrophils and monocytes carry out

Answer 39

phagocytosis

Question 40

arteries carry blood

Answer 40

away from the heart

Question 41

veins carry blood

Answer 41

toward the heart

Question 42

arteries have 3 layers

Answer 42

The inner layer is made up of endothelial cells and is called the tunica intima.
The TUNICA MEDIA is the smooth muscle with some elastic tissue. It is thick in arteries and important in blood pressure regulation.
The tunica externa is the thin layer of fibrous elastic connective tissue

Question 43

*myocardium

Answer 43

layer of the cardiac muscle tissue

Question 44

the tricuspid valve is at the

Answer 44

opening of the right atrium into the ventricle

Question 45

the pulmonary semilunar valve is at the…

and the aortic semilunar valve is at the…

Answer 45

beginning of the pulmonary artery.

beginning of the aorta.