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Flashcards in A&P Deck (40)
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1
Q
  1. What is an atom? Name the 3 parts of an atom.
A

The smallest unit of an element. Neutrons, protons, and electrons.

2
Q

Why are electrons important?

A

Make sure there’s an even number of electrons in an element to make sure it’s stable.

3
Q

What is an ion?

A

Atoms that gain or lose electrons become electrically charged.

4
Q

Be able to list the main types of bonds we discussed in class.

A

A covalent bond is a chemical bond between atoms that share electrons. Strongest bond
An ionic bond is when ions with opposite charges attract.
A hydrogen bond is the attraction of the positive hydrogen end of a polar molecule to the negative nitrogen or oxygen end of another polar molecule. Weakest bond.

5
Q

Be able to contrast polar (hydrophilic) vs. non-polar (hydrophobic) bonds.

A

Hydrophobic fears or dislikes water. Hydrophilic likes water and tends to mix and dissolve with water.

6
Q

Be able to distinguish between acidic or basic solutions based on the pH scale.

A

Acidic is towards 1, neutral is 7, and basic solutions are towards 14. Our bodies PH level is around 7.2.

7
Q

Be able to describe the 4 levels of protein structure and the types of bonds in each level.

A

The primary structure is a polypeptide bond joins to amino acids and ranges from 100 to 5000 amino acids in the polypeptide chain.
The secondary structure is a polypeptide chain that forms a spring-like coil or folds back on itself or in other shapes. It arises from hydrogen bonding.
The tertiary structure is a polypeptide chain of protein molecules that fold into a unique three-dimensional structure. It has ionic and hydrogen bonds.
The quaternary structure is a 4 separate polypeptide chain and they form to make a single protein molecule.

8
Q

How are RNA & DNA different?

A

RNA is a single strand of polynucleotide chains, ribose sugar.
DNA is a double-stranded of polynucleotide chains, deoxyribose sugar.

9
Q

Know that the cell is the smallest unit of life.

A

The cell is the smallest unit of life.

10
Q

What is the benefit of having organelles?

A

Organelles divide the labor in a cell by partitioning off certain areas or providing specific functions, such as dismantling debris, extracting energy from nutrients, or packaging secretions.

11
Q

Be able to draw and label a cellular membrane with its major parts. Why is the cellular membrane so important?

A

Metabolic reactions take place on its inner and outer surfaces, includes molecules that enable cells to communicate with each other and to interact. It’s the thin membrane for the outermost part of the cell.

12
Q

Be able to describe several functions of cell membrane proteins.

A

Integral forms pores, channels, and carries in the cell membrane; transduce signals.
Receptor responds to extracellular signals.
Enzymes catalyze chemical reactions.
Cell Surface establishes self.
Cellular Adhesion Molecules enable cells to stick to each other.

13
Q

Identify hypertonic, isotonic, & hypotonic solutions.

A

Isotonic-solution in which the concentration of both solvent (water) and solute are equal on both sides of the cell membrane.
Hypertonic-solution in which there is a higher concentration of water molecules (solvent) inside a cell than outside a cell.
Hypotonic-a solution in which there is a higher concentration of water molecules (solvent) outside a cell than inside a cell

14
Q

Be able to identify the stages of a typical cell cycle.

A

G1 Phase: cell growth, Interphase-S Phase: DNA replicates, G2 Phase: structures other than DNA are synthesized, Mitosis and Cytokinesis- prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase.

15
Q

Be able to list the stages of mitosis & a major feature of each.

A

Prophase-chromosomes condense and become visible, nuclear envelope and nucleous disperse, spindle apparatus.
Metaphase-chromosomes align along the equator, or metaphase plate, of the cell.
Anaphase-sister chromatids separate and the resulting chromosome move to the opposite poles of the cell. This leads to cytokinesis.
Telophase-nuclear envelope begins to reassemble around the two daughter nuclei. Chromosomes decondense, spindle disappears, division of the cytoplasm into two cells.

16
Q

Know the differences between embryonic and adult stem cells.

A

Embryonic stem cells can become anything because they are pluripotent while adult stem cells are limited to what they can become.

17
Q

Contrast apoptosis and necrosis.

A

Apoptosis is the programmed cell death that is normal. Necrosis is cell death that happens from damage, this is abnormal.

18
Q

Be able to contrast catabolism and anabolism.

A

In anabolism, small molecules are built up into larger ones, requiring energy.
In catabolism, larger molecules break down into smaller ones, releasing energy.

19
Q

What is a metabolic pathway?

A

The product of one reaction is the substrate of another reaction. It leads to to the synthesis or breakdown of particular biochemicals.

20
Q

How do we move electrons in the cell? Why is this important?

A

The transfer of electrons between molecules is important because most of the energy stored in atoms and used to fuel cell functions in the form of high-energy electrons.

21
Q

Be able to demonstrate when an atom is oxidized or reduced (“OIL RIG”).

A

Oxidation-The loss of one or more electrons

Reduction-The gain of one or more electrons

22
Q

What is the energy currency of the cell? How/where does this molecule store the energy?

A

Adenosine triphosphate, or ATP for short, is the energy currency of life. ATP is a high-energy molecule found in every cell. Its job is to store and supply the cell with needed energy. Stored in the mitochondria.

23
Q

What is meant by semi-conservative DNA replication? When and why does this occur in a cell?

A

Describes the structure of DNA, a twisted helix of two strands with bases joining the strands. Two strands of DNA unzip, and a new strand is assembled onto each ‘conserved’ strand. The replicated double helix consists of one old strand and one newly synthesized strand.

24
Q

What enzyme is primarily responsible for DNA replication?

A

DNA polymerase

25
Q

Be able to name the 2 steps of protein synthesis and briefly describe what occurs at each step.

A

Transcription is the process of copying DNA information into RNA sequence.
Translation is where the mRNA is translated from the language of nucleic acids to the language of amino acids.

26
Q

Define histology.

A

The study of tissues

27
Q

Be able to list in order the levels of organization from least to most complex.

A

Organelle, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, organisms.

28
Q

What are the four major tissue types?

A

Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous tissues.

29
Q

Be able to name some general characteristics of epithelial tissues.

A

Lack of blood vessels, cells readily divide, cells are tightly packed.

30
Q

Compare/contrast the following glands: merocrine, apocrine, & holocrine. What does each secrete?

A

Glands that release fluid products by exocytosis are called merocrine.
Glands that lose small portions of their glandular cell bodies during secretion are called Aprocline.
Glands that release entire cells are called Holocrine.

31
Q

Be able to name some general characteristics of connective tissues.

A

Mostly have a good blood supply, cells are farther apart than epithelial cells, with an extracellular matrix in between.

32
Q

Describe the 3 types of connective tissue cell types: fibroblasts, macrophages, & mast cells.

A

Fibroblast: widely distributed, large, star-shaped cells.
Macrophages: Motile cells sometimes attached to fibers.
Mast cells: Large cells, usually located near blood vessels.

33
Q

Describe the 3 types of connective tissue fibers: collagenous, reticular, & elastic.

A

Collagen Fibers: thick, threadlike fibers of collagen with great tensile strength.
Elastic fibers: bundles of microfibrils embedded in elastin.
Reticular Fibers: Thin fibers of collagen.

34
Q

Be able to name some general characteristics of muscle tissues.

A

Able to contract in response to specific stimuli.

35
Q

Compare/contrast the following muscle tissues: skeletal, cardiac, & smooth.

A

Cardiac and skeletal muscle are both striated in appearance, while smooth muscle is not. Both cardiac and smooth muscle are involuntary while skeletal muscle is voluntary.

36
Q

Be able to describe the function of nervous tissue & where it is located.

A

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves.

Conducts impulses for coordination, regulation, integration, and sensory reception.

37
Q

passive transport, active transport

A

Passive transport is the movement of substances across the membrane without the expenditure of cellular active transport is the movement of substances across the membrane using energy from adenosine triphosphate (ATP)In contrast with endocytosis, exocytosis (taking “out of the cell”) is the process of a cell exporting material using vesicular transportenergy.

38
Q

simple diffusion & osmosis.

A

.Simple Diffusion is the movement of particles from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. Osmosis is the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane during active transport, ATP is required to move a substance across a membrane, often with the help of protein carriers, and usually against its concentration gradient.

39
Q

endocytosis/exocytosis,

A

Endocytosis (bringing “into the cell”) is the process of a cell ingesting material by enveloping it in a portion of its cell membrane, and then pinching off that portion of membrane

40
Q

Why is oxygen so important to ATP/energy production?

A

Oxygen is important to the third step of the aerobic cellular respiration cycle