A&P 29: Heredity Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in A&P 29: Heredity Deck (29)
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1
Q

Sex chromosomes

A

2 of the 46 chromosomes; determine genetic sex; male = XY; female = XX

2
Q

Autosomes

A

44 of the 46 chromosomes; guide the expression of most other traits (aside from gender)

3
Q

Karyotype

A

diploid chromosomal complement displayed in homologous pairs

4
Q

Genome

A

genetic (DNA) makeup; represents 2 sets of genetic instructions - 1 from the egg and the other from the sperm

5
Q

Homozygous

A

when the 2 alleles controlling a trait are the same

6
Q

Heterozygous

A

when the 2 alleles controlling a trait are different

7
Q

Dominant

A

allele that masks/suppresses the expression of its partner

8
Q

Recessive

A

allele being masked/suppressed

9
Q

Genotype

A

person’s genetic makeup

10
Q

Phenotype

A

the way the genotype is expressed in the body

11
Q

Segregated

A

2 alleles determining each trait are distributed to different gametes

12
Q

Independent assortment

A

alleles on different pairs of homologous chromosomes are distributed independently of each other

13
Q

Linked

A

genes on the same chromosome are said to be this because they are transmitted as a unit to daughter cells during mitosis

14
Q

Recombinant chromosomes

A

exchanging of gene segments gives rise to these chromosomes that have mixed contributions from each parent

15
Q

Crossover (chiasma)

A

break occurs between linked genes; ensures unique combo of parental genes

16
Q

Dominant-recessive inheritance

A

reflects the interaction of dominant and recessive alleles

17
Q

Punnett square

A

simple diagram used to figure out the possible gene combos that would result from the mating of parents of known genotypes for a single trait

18
Q

Incomplete dominance

A

heterozygote has a phenotype intermediate between those of homozygous dominant and homozygous recessive individuals; uncommon in humans; best human example = sickling gene(s), which cause a sub of 1 amino acid in the beta chain of hemoglobin

19
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A

individuals with a double dose of the sickling allele (ss) have this condition

20
Q

Sickle-cell trait

A

individuals heterozygous for the sickling gene (Ss) have this trait; these individuals make both normal and sickling hemoglobin, and as a rule, are health

21
Q

Multiple-allele inheritance

A

some genes exhibit more than 2 allele forms, leading to this phenomenon

22
Q

Sex-linked

A

inherited traits determined by genes on the sex chromosomes

23
Q

X-linked

A

gene found only on the X chromosome

24
Q

Polygene inheritance

A

many phenotypes depend on several gene pairs at different locations acting in tandem; results in continuous (quantitative) phenotypic variation between 2 extremes; skin color, height, metabolic rate, intelligence = examples in humans

25
Q

Phenocopies

A

environmentally produced phenotypes that mimic conditions that may be caused by genetic mutations (permanent transmissible changes in the DNA); ex = thalidomide babies - developed phenotypes not directed by their genes

26
Q

Genomic imprinting

A

during gametogenesis, when certain genes in both sperm and eggs are modified by the addition of a methyl group; tags genes as paternal or maternal and confers important functional differences in the embryo

27
Q

Pedigree

A

traces a genetic trait through several generations and helps predict the future

28
Q

Amniocentesis

A

most common type of fetal testing

29
Q

Chorionic villus sampling (CVS)

A

procedure that suctions off bits of the chorionic villi from the placenta for examination

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