Dorsal Cavity (Back)
What are the 2 cavities within the dorsal cavity?
- Cranial Cavity - protected by upper 1/2 of skull, contains brain
- Vertebral (spinal) Cavity - holds spinal cord, protected by “spine”
Ventral Cavity - Contains the viscera (front)
What are the 2 cavities within the ventral cavity?
- Thoracic Cavity (thorax) - protected by the ribcage
2. Abdominopelvic Cavity - found below the diaphragm
What are the 3 sections of the Thoracic Cavity?
- Mediastinum - (Midline region of chest) contains heart, trachea, esophagus, thymus, and associated membranes
- Pleural Cavity - (located lateral to the mediastinum) a space between the doubled, pleural membranes that surround the lungs
- Pericardial Cavity - (located within the mediastium) space between the doubled, pericardial membranes
What are the 2 cavities within the Abdominopelvic Cavity?
- Abdominal Cavity - (Abdomen) has little protection, contains stomach, liver, gall bladder, pancreas, spleen, kidneys, small intestine and beginning of the large intestine, and is lined by the doubled peritoneal membranes (aka peritoneal)
- Pelvic Cavity - (Pelvis) a boney bowl holding urinary bladder, sigmoid colon, rectum, and in women the uterus and ovaries
Superior (Cranial)
Towards the head
Inferior (Caudal)
away from the head
Ventral (anterior)
front or towards the abdomen
Dorsal (posterior)
towards the back
Medial
Towards the midline
Lateral
away from the midline
Intermediate
between 2 things
Proximal
closer to the point of origin or attachment
Distal
farther from the point of origin
Superficial (external)
closer to the skin
Deep
Internal
Ipsilateral
on the same side
Contralateral
opposite side
Visceral
pertaining to an internal organ or the inner part of a structure
Parietal
pertaining to walls of a cavity
Afferent
towards a center
Efferent
away from a center
(Mid) Sagittal Plane or Median
divides right and left
Frontal or Coronal
divides front and back
Transverse or Horizontal or Cross Section
divides top and bottom
Axial part of the body
(Head + Neck + Trunk)
Cephalic Region (Head)
Frontal - head Orbital - eyes Nasal - nose Oral - mouth Mental - tip of chin Buccal - cheek Otic - ear Occipital Region - back of head
Cervical Region
neck (mammals have 7 cervical vertibrae)
Thoracic Region - Chest, everything inside ribs
What 4 regions are included in the thoracic region?
- Sternal - midline
- Axillary - armpit
- Pectoral
- Mammary - breast tissue
Abdominal Region
ribcage to pubic region
– includes the umbilical region (belly button)
Pelvic Region
includes Inguinal Region (attaches to the torso)
Upper R Quadrant / Upper L Quadrant
_______________________________
Lower R Quadrant / Lower L Quadrant
R hypochondriac / epigastric / L hypochondriac
R Lumbar / Umbilical / L Lumbar
R iliac (inguinal) / hypogastric (pubic) / L iliac (inguinal)
Pubic Region
area of Pubes
Back or Dorsal Region Includes……..
Scapular - shoulder blades Vertebral - spine Lumbar - 5 bones below the last rib Sacral - in between gluteral region Gluteal - butt
Perineal Region
in between external genitals and anal region
Appendicular part of the body
upper & lower extremities
Regions of the Upper limb
Acromial - tip of shoulder Brachial - arm, usually refers to upper arm Antecubital - back of elbow Antebrachial - forearm Carpal - wrist
Manus Region - whole hand
Pollex - thumb
Metacarpal - back of hand (dorsal side)
Palmer - palm
Digital - fingers or toes
“ante”
means before
Regions of the Lower Limb
Coxal - where femur goes into hip Femoral - femur, upper leg Patellar - knee cap Popliteal - bend at back of knee Crural - usually refers to lower leg Sural - back area of lower leg Fibular or Peroneal - lateral area of lower leg
Pedal Region (Foot)
Tarsal - ankle Calcaneal - heel Metatarsal - bones in top of foot Digital - fingers or toes Plantar - bottom of foot Hallux - big toe
Integumentary System
skin - largest organ, hair, nails
Overall Functions - mechanical/chemical barrier, temp regulation, vitamin D activation
Skeletal System
bones, cartilage, joints
Overall Functions - support, protection, mineral storage, blood cell production, site for muscle attachment
Muscular System
skeletal muscles
Overall Functions - movement
Nervous System
brain, spinal cord, nerves, receptors
Overall Functions - provides ability to adjust to external and internal environmental change
Endocrine System
(pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal and pineal glands, pancreas, ovaries, testes
Overall Functions - secrete hormones that direct physiological activities
Cardiovascular System
heart, blood vessels, blood, spleen
Overall Functions - transportation within body, removal of red cells, blood reservoir
Lymphatic (Immune) System
lymphatic vessels, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen
Overall Functions - returns tissue fluid to blood, absorption of fat, defense against germs
Respiratory System
lungs, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi
Overall Functions - the exchange of gases between blood and air
Digestive System
(oral cavity, salivary glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, pancreas, liver, gall bladder
Overall Functions - ingestion, breakdown of food, absorption, elimination
Urinary System
kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra
Overall Functions - removal of waste from blood
Reproductive System
(testes, penis, scrotum, accessory glands, ovaries, vagina, uterus, uterine tubes, mammary glands
Overall Functions - multiplication of species