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Flashcards in 9.4 Renal Deck (25)
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1
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Retroperitoneal - lie against the dorsal body wall, outside of peritoneum
Flank the vertebral column laterally
Extend from T12 to L3 and receive protection from the floating ribs
Right kidney is slightly lower and more medial than the left

2
Q

What connective tissue surrounds the kidney?

A

Renal fascia – superficial layer of dense CT, anchors the kidneys to surrounding structures and posterior abdominal wall
Adipose capsule – intermediate layer of fat which cushions and holds the kidneys in place
Renal capsule – transparent layer of fibrous CT adhering directly to the kidney surface

3
Q

What are the renal cortex and medulla? Regions of each?

A

Renal Cortex – outer region, light granular appearance
Renal Medulla – deep to the cortex
Medullary pyramids – triangular structures which appear striated. Apex is called the renal papilla
Renal columns – extensions of cortex-like tissue separating the medullary pyramids

4
Q

What is the renal pelvis? Regions?

A

Renal pelvis – flat funnel shaped cavity
Calyces – cup shaped extensions of the renal pelvis
Minor calyx – enclose and collect urine from the renal papilla
Major calyx – minor calyces drain into major which flow to the renal pelvis

5
Q

What are ureters? What kind of epithelium/layers?

A

Slender tubes extending from the renal pelvis and enter the bladder posteriorly
Lined by transitional epithelium and surrounded by an inner longitudinal and outer circular layer of smooth muscle

6
Q

What is the urinary bladder? Where is it?

A

collapsible muscular sac that temporarily stores urine
Located in the true pelvis, posterior to the pubic symphysis
Males: anterior to the rectum / superior to the prostate
Females: anterior to the vagina / inferior to the uterus

7
Q

What is the muscle of the bladder? How is it innervated?

A

Detruser muscle: muscle of the bladder wall (muscularis)
Filling:
sympathetic innervation: relaxes detrusor muscle, tightens internal urethral sphincter
Micturition: (urine exits)
parasympathetic innervation: contracts detrusor muscle, relaxes internal urethral sphincter

8
Q

What is the trigone?

A

smooth triangular region (no rugae) outlined by the two ureter and single urethra openings

9
Q

What are the sphincters of the urethra?

Where are they?

A

Release of urine is controlled by two sphincters
Internal urethral sphincter (involuntary) – smooth muscle at the junction of the bladder and urethra
External urethral sphincter (voluntary) – skeletal muscle at the muscular pelvic floor

10
Q

Compare female/male urethras

A

Female: Length is 3 – 5 cm (relatively short)
Lined by transitional epithelium near the bladder and progressively changes to stratified squamous near the external sphincter

Male: Length is 18 – 20 cm (relatively long)
Epithelium changes from transitional to pseudostratified columnar to stratified squamous
Three regions:
Prostatic urethra – from base of bladder through the prostate gland
Membranous urethra – segment traveling through the urogenital diaphragm
Penile (spongy) urethra – from diaphragm to urethral orifice

11
Q

What is the micturition reflex? Mechanism?

A

Stretch receptors in bladder wall senses stretch, 250-400mL volume, signal to PSNS via spinal cord
Cerebral Cortex pathways switch from storage to emptying, allow voluntary control
Micturition is bladder emptying urine out, detrusor muscle contracts, internal urethral sphincter relaxes, external sphincter is voluntarily relaxed
parasympathetic innervation

12
Q

What are hydroureter and hydronephrosis?

A

hydroureter: dilation of ureter by obstruction
hydronephrosis: distension of renal pelvis, renal calyces by backup of outflow, increases pressure within kidney, damages kidney tissue.

13
Q

What is the most common pathogen in UTI?

A

E. coli

14
Q

What are the different type of incontinence?

A
stress incontinence: leakage with increased abdominal pressure (coughing, sneezing)
poor pelvic support and/or weak internal urethral sphincter
urge incontinence (over-active bladder): overactive detrusor muscle
unknown, possibly due to cystitis (inflammation of bladder wall), urothelium dysfunction, nerve damage
overflow incontinence: failure of detrusor muscle
overdistension, urinary retention, obstruction of outflow, damage to pelvic nerves
neurogenic bladder: bladder afferent sensation disrupted – lack of urine release, causes overdistension
functional incontinence: inability to hold urine due to prolonged immobility, CNS problems – stroke, psychiatric disorders, dementia
15
Q

What are the major functions of the kidney?

A

Maintenance of Blood composition: maintain necessary molecules, eliminate excess
water
ions
acid/base
nutrients: glucose
eliminate metabolic waste, other toxins
Vitamin D activation: hormone involved in Ca2+, PO43- absorption in small intestine
Hormone production
EPO – red blood cell production
Renin – (RAAS Pathway) water/salt conservation

16
Q

What are the structures of the nephron?

A
Glomerulus
Bowman’s Capsule
Proximal Convoluted Tubule
Loop Of Henle
Descending limb
Ascending limb
Distal Convoluted Tubule
Collecting Duct (Urine OUT)
17
Q

What are the structures of the renal corpuscle?

A

fed by Afferent arteriole
Glomerulus – knot of fenestrated capillaries, covered in podocytes that form filtration slits
GLOMERULAR FILTRATION: Fluid and small molecules enter renal tubules, blood cells, proteins stay in the blood
drained by Efferent arteriole

18
Q

What is the histology and function of Bowman’s capsule?

A

Parietal layer – forms outer wall of capsule, simple squamous
Visceral layer – podocytes that cover the glomerulus leaving narrow filtration slits between them
RECEIVE FILTRATE: fluid, small molecules enter before continuing through renal tubules

19
Q

What is the function and histology of the PCT?

A

Lined with simple cuboidal with microvilli
REABSORPTION: essential small molecules in the filtrate returned to the blood
nutrients
water
ions

20
Q

What is the function and histology of the loop of henle?

A

Thick segments lined with simple cuboidal
Thin segments lined with simple squamous
CREATES CONCENTRATION GRADIENT: sodium ions moved out of filtrate into the renal medulla, countercurrent blood flow allows gradient to be maintained

21
Q

What is the function and histology of the DCT?

A

Lined with simple cuboidal, lacks microvilli
CONCENTRATE URINE: water and sodium channels can be opened to remove water and sodium from filtrate (returns water to blood), concentrate urine filtrate

22
Q

What is the function of the collecting duct?

A

– passes down through the medullary pyramids and receives filtrate from DCT of numerous nephrons
Empties urine into the minor calyces
CONCENTRATE URINE: water and sodium channels can be opened to remove water and sodium from filtrate (returns water to blood), concentrate urine filtrate

23
Q

What cells are present in the juxtaglomerular apparatus? Fxn?

A

JG cells- part of afferent arteriole, directly contact blood coming in, monitor BP
Macula dense- in DCT- monitor solute composition/how well filtered
JGA- sends hormones to monitor/maintain BP, osmolality

24
Q

What are the 2 types of nephrons?

A

Cortical nephron – majority of the nephron is within the cortex with a short loop of Henle
Juxtamedullary nephron – glomeruli is deep in the cortex and have a long loop of Henle that extends deep into the medulla

25
Q

What is the blood supply of the kidney?

A
Renal artery to
Segmental artery, to
Interlobar artery, to
arctuate artery, to
Cortical radiate arteries, to
Afferent arterioles,
to efferent arteriole/ NEPHRON, to
venules, to
interlobar (corticate) veins, to
actuate veins, to
interlobar veins, to
renal vein to IVC