9: Memory part 2 Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 9: Memory part 2 Deck (25)
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1
Q

What is the delayed match to sample task?

A

-In this delayed nonmatch to sample task:
a. A food reward is placed under an object
b. The door is opened and the monkey can
retrieve the food
c. After a delay, a food reward is placed under
a new object
d. The door is opened and the monkey can
retrieve the food under the non-matched item

○ Monkeys can perform this task and be trained very well

• Monkeys are trained to perform this task, then learning and memory can be observed

2
Q

What is the delayed match to sample task? findings

A
  • Those monkeys with lesions of the hippocampus and parahippocampal cortex (HP) performed more poorly than
  • Number of trials it takes for them to get it right is higher
  • And monkeys with lesions of the hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex and perirhinal cortex (HPP) performed even more poorly
  • Conclusion: Both the hippocampus and surrounding MTL critical for forming LTM
3
Q

Does the tissue surrounding the hippocampus contribute to memory function?

A

yes, Both the hippocampus and surrounding MTL critical for forming LTM

-monkey studies

4
Q

How is the MTL involved in encoding of declarative memories? How about retrieval of declarative memories?

A
  • Hippocampus, parahippocampal cortex, and frontal cortex showed activity at encoding for items that the participant had seen, reported having seen, and correctly indicated the color
  • Confirms that the hippocampus (and MTL) are important for forming new long-term memories
  • Successfully encoded items, participants able to tell which item they had seen and in what color
5
Q

What structure is involved in familiarity memory?

A
  • anterior parts of the parahippocampal cortex (perirhinal and entorhinal cortex)
  • perirhinal
6
Q

Is the frontal cortex involved in memory? How?

A
  • involved in STM and LTM
  • Left frontal cortex = Episodic encoding OR Linguistic memory tasks (Words, linguistic verbal tasks)
  • Right frontal cortex = Episodic retrieval OR Spatial memory tasks
  • Ex: Outline of a frog when hearing or thinking of the word frog
    Faces
7
Q

What is the frontal aging hypothesis?

A
  • states that normal age-related cognitive deficits are mediated by cognitive control deficits associated with prefrontal cortex (PFC) dysfunction
  • Early memory deficits could be due to the fact that the frontal cortex is the last to mature but the first to deteriorate with age
8
Q

Is parietal cortex involved in memory?

A
  • Successful memory retrieval is also associated with activity in posterior parietal cortex
  • Maintenance of info in working memory
  • Integration of multiple types of information
  • Attentional process of info entering working memory from senses or LTM
9
Q

Where are memories stored in the brain?

A

-Memories are stored as distributed representations throughout the cortex, involving the areas in which they were perceived

○ Visual memories = stored in visual cortex
○ Auditory memories = stored in auditory cortex
-Motor = basal ganglia and cerebellum

10
Q

What is consolidation? Describe 2 theories of consolidation.

A
  • the process by which immediate memories are transformed into LTM
  • Hippocampus is necessary for consolidation, storing them in specific areas of the brain
    1. standard consolidation theory
    2. multiple trace theory
11
Q

standard consolidation theory

A
  • Hippocampus is necessary for binding all of these memories together in the distributed part of the brain, BUT overtime hippocampus no longer necessary
  • Older memories tend to be more preserved than newer memories
12
Q

multiple trace theory

A
  • For semantic memories = hippocampus is initially necessary, but overtime no longer is needed b/c a sense of familiarity takes over
  • For episodic = hippocampus remains involve forever
13
Q

Medial temporal lobe (MTL)

A
  • Hippocampus = Encoding and recollection

- Parahippocampal, entorhinal, and perirhinal cortices = Recognition

14
Q

frontal lobe

A

-STM and LTM, lateralized

15
Q

parietal cortex

A

Multiple theories how parietal could be contributing to memory

16
Q

occipital cortex

A

involved in visual perceptual memories

17
Q

Sensory and motor areas

A

storage

18
Q

basal ganglia

A

Nondeclarative procedural memory

19
Q

cerebellum

A

Nondeclarative conditioning

20
Q

amygdala

A

Affective memory , emotional memories

21
Q

fornix

A

Connects hippocampus to other structures

22
Q

Mamillary bodies

A

Spatial memory

23
Q

Anterior thalamic nucleus

A

Recency memory

24
Q

Lateral anterior temporal cortex

A

semantic memory

25
Q

LTP

A
  • a long-lasting strengthening of the response of a postsynaptic nerve cell to stimulation across the synapse that occurs with repeated stimulation and is thought to be related to learning and long-term memory
  • new memory forms a new synapse, the longer we think about memory and recall memory = stronger synapse
  • Synaptic connections are changing