8.2 How We Remember: Cues to Improving Memory Flashcards
1
Q
encoding
A
- the process by which we place the things that we experience into memory
2
Q
elaborative encoding
A
- process new information in ways that make it more relevant or meaningful
3
Q
spacing effect
A
- the fact that learning is better when the same amount of study is spread out over periods of time than it is when it occurs closer together or at the same time
4
Q
distributed practice
A
- practice that is spread out over time
5
Q
massed practice
A
- practice that comes in one block
6
Q
overlearning
A
- continuing to practice and study even when we think that we have mastered the material
7
Q
retrieveal
A
- the process of reactivating information that has been stored in memory
8
Q
tip-of-the-tongue phenonmenon
A
- we are certain that we know something that we are trying to recall but cannot quite come up with it
9
Q
context-dependent learning
A
- an increase in retrieval when the external situation in which information is learned matches the situation in which it is remembered
10
Q
state-dependent learning
A
- superior retrieval of memories when the individual is in the same physiological or psychological state as during encoding
11
Q
primacy effect
A
- a tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented early in a list
12
Q
recency effect
A
- the tendency to better remember stimuli that are presented later in a list
13
Q
retroactive interference
A
- learning something new impairs our ability to retrieve information that was learned earlier
14
Q
proactive interference
A
- earlier learning impairs our ability to encode information that we try to learn later
15
Q
categories
A
- networks of associated memories that have features in common with each other
