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MSK Week 2 2017/18 > 8: Immunology of autoimmune disease > Flashcards

8: Immunology of autoimmune disease Flashcards

1
Q

What is autoimmunity?

A

Immune response against self cells

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2
Q

Which immune cells mediate autoimmune reactions?

A

Lymphocytes (B cells and T cells)

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3
Q

In autoimmune disease, B cells produce ___ and T cells are ___-___.

A

autoantibodies , self-reactive

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4
Q

Autoantibodies and auto-reactive T cells cause tissue ___ and the process of __ __.

A

damage

chronic inflammation

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5
Q

Who is more commonly affected by autoimmune disease?

A

Women

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6
Q

What is a large factor involved in autoimmune disease?

A

Genetics

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7
Q

What is self tolerance?

A

Usually, body can function with a small number of self-reactive immune components

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8
Q

In autoimmune disease, self tolerance ___ ___.

A

breaks down

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9
Q

Which genes can be responsible for autoimmune disease?

A

HLA genes - MHC1 and MHC2, revise

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10
Q

Although they aren’t common, single gene mutations can cause autoimmune disease. What is an example?

A

IPEX syndrome

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11
Q

Mutation in which gene causes IPEX syndrome?

A

FOXP3

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12
Q

Does everyone have a small number of autoreactive T cells and B cells?

A

yeah

dunno how else to word that one

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13
Q

What are some tolerance mechanisms the immune system has towards autoreactive cells?

A

Central tolerance - immune system kills them

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14
Q

Which cells inactivate autoreactive cells outside lymphoid tissue?

What is this process called?

A

Regulatory T cells

Peripheral tolerance

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15
Q

MHC molecules allow for ___ ___.

A

antigen presentation

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16
Q

Which cells release anti-inflammatory cytokines to inactivate self-reactive cells outside the lymphoid tissues?

A

Regulatory T cells

17
Q

What does the FOXP3 gene control?

A

Activity of regulatory T cells

so you can see why mutations cause autoimmune disease

18
Q

Most autoimmune diseases are caused by (one / several) mutations.

A

several

19
Q

Alleles of which gene are associated with a variety of autoimmune diseases?

A

HLA

human leukocyte antigen

20
Q

All antigen-presenting cells express MHC Class _.

All nucleated cells express MHC Class _.

A

antigen-presenting cells: MHC Class II

all cells: MHC Class I

21
Q

Why is HLA so polymorphic?

A

There are 15 HLA genes on both the maternal and paternal chromosomes - 30 in total

and each is highly polymorphic

22
Q

Which genes are unique to males and females and are associated with autoimmune disease?

A

Sex genes

23
Q

so to summarise some diseases are monomorphic (FOXP3 and IPEX syndrome) but most are polymoprhic (HLA, sex genes and a shitload of other ones)

A
24
Q

Apart from genetics, what else affects your risk of autoimmune disease?

A

Environment

25
Q

What is molecular mimicry?

A

Antigens produced by pathogens may resemble self antigens (proteins etc) causing autoimmune disease

26
Q

What are some examples of autoimmune diseases caused by molecular mimicry?

A

Rheumatic fever

Reactive arthritis

27
Q

What is antigen sequestration?

A

Body sees antigen it doesn’t usually encounter (e.g following injury to eye, brain, testes) and autoimmune reaction occurs

28
Q

What is a superantigen?

A

Non-specifically activates shitloads of T cells and cytokines etc etc bad

29
Q

Autoimmune diseases can affect individual organs or they can be __-.

A

systemic

30
Q

What is an example of a systemic autoimmune disease which is immediated by immune complexes?

What type of hypersensitivity reaction is this?

A

SLE

Type III hypersensitivity

31
Q

Why does Type III hypersensitivity in lupus produce a systemic response?

A

Immune complex builds up, isn’t cleared properly by phagocytes

Pings off and circulates everywhere via blood

32
Q

Why is the immune system exposed to nuclear antigens in SLE?

A

Immune complexes aren’t cleared properly by macrophages following apoptosis

Immune system encounters nuclear antigen and produces autoantibodies

MSK Week 2 2017/18 (11 decks)

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