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Flashcards in 7 Deck (38)
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1
Q

medial zone of cerebellum

A

proprioceptive and sensory signals

damage leads to ataxia and falls toward affected side

2
Q

lateral zone of cerebellum

A

controls planned limb movements

damage results in effort in force, speed, and amplitude of movement

3
Q

absence of CD18 Ags and recurrent skin/mucosal infections without pus

A

Leukocyte adhesion deficiency
can’t form integrins, failure of leak. chemotaxis
-other clinical features: delayed sep. of umbilical cord, persistent leukocytosis (not attached to endothelium)

4
Q

what enzyme converts NE to EPI in the adrenal medulla?

A

phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

5
Q

restless leg syndrome tx with ??

A

dopamine agonists: ropinirole, pramipexole

6
Q

don’t use ?? with benzos

A

first gen antihistamines (H1-receptor antagonists): dephenhydramine, chlorpheniramine
-can cause significant sedation

7
Q

primary biliary cholangitis will look like what other condition (on liver histology) ??

A

hepatic GVH disease, because both have immune etiology

PBC: chronic AI disease; lymphocytic infiltrates and destruction of sm/med intrahepatic bile ducts

8
Q

what drug will cause a longer QRS duration when exercise is occurring?

A
class IC antiarrythmics, i.e. flecainide
strong use dependence, i.e. when heart is more active, more QRS prolonging occurs
9
Q

enzyme order in base excision repair

A

glycosylase(cleaves base)–>endonuclease(cleaves 5’ end)–>lyase(cleaves 3’ end)–>polymerase(fills gap)–>ligase(seals)

10
Q

proteinuria, serum IgG4 Abs to phospholipase A2 receptor (PLA2R), think ??

A

membranous nephropathy, NOT SLE

11
Q

main complication of varicose veins?

A

venous stasis ulcers (medial malleolus)

NOT DVTs/PEs as varicose veins are superficial (vs DEEP VT)

12
Q

elevated CK, muscle lumps with tapping, think ??

A

hypothyroid myopathy

-other causes of elevated CK: polymyositis, dermatomyositis, muscular dystrophies and statins

13
Q

even though PRL rises as pregnancy progresses, lactation is inhibited via ??

A

progesterone (corpus luteum, then placenta) via negative feedback on PRL in the anterior pituitary

14
Q

mechanism of Shiga/EHEC toxin

A

halts protein synthesis by disabling the 60s ribosomal subunit–>intestinal epithelial cell death and diarrhea

15
Q

INF-a and B produced in response to viral infection work by ??

A

halting protein synthesis and promote apoptosis of infected cells–>suppress viral replication and limit spread

16
Q

lung macrophages containing golden cytoplasmic granules that turn dark blue w. Prussian blue staining, think ?? caused by ??

A

hemosiderosis caused by left ventricular dysfunction
-LHF causes increased pulmonary cap pressure and pulmonary edema–>extravasation of RBCs and alveolar hemorrhage, RBCs phagocytksed by macrocytes and iron from HGB converted to hemosiderin

17
Q
what changes seen in mitral regurg??
preload
afterload
LV ejection fraction
forward SV
CO
A

preload increases
afterload decreases
LV ejection fraction is INCREASED, but since some of the blood is going back to LA, the forward SV and CO are decreased

18
Q

craniopharyngiomas arise from ??

A

Rathke’s pouch remnants in the ant pit

19
Q

ALS causes damage to ??

A

L-CST: UMN signs

anterior horn: LMN signs

20
Q

damage to posterior columns and L-CST, think ??

A

subacute combined degeneration (both ascending (DC) and descending (CST)) due to vitamin B12 deficiency
-lose position/vibration, have ataxia (DC) and spastic paresis (CST)

21
Q

aortic arch vascular derivatives

A

1: max artery
2: hyoid art, stapedial art
3: common carotid, proximal ICA
4: left: aortic arch, right: proximal R subclavian art
6: proximal pulmonary arteries, left: ductus arteriosus

22
Q

in the absences of ADH tubular fluid is most concentrated where ??

A

junction between descending and ascending limbs of the loop of Henle (only H2O is reabsorbed in descending limb, not solute–>becomes more concentrated)

  • TAL: impermeable to water, Na/K/Cl reabsorbed here, diluting fluid
  • DCT: NaCl reabsorbed (early DCT impermeable to H2O)–>more dilute
  • most dilute in the collecting ducts, because ADH needed to reabsorb water, so only NaCl reabsorbed
  • PCT: H2O passively reabsorbed w. active transport of solute–>isoosmotic with plasma
23
Q

pathological description of Beurger’s

A

segmental vasculitis extending into contiguous veins and nerves

24
Q

elevation of propionyl CoA think deficiency of what enzyme ??
propionyl CoA metabolized from what compounds?

A

deficiency of propionyl CoA carboxylase, need to convert propionyl ClA to methylmalonyl CoA

  • leads to propionic acidemia and hypoglycemia
  • derived from Valine, Isoleucine, Methionine, Threonine, odd FAs and cholesterol side chains
25
Q

necrolytic migratory erythema, DM, GI symptoms, anemia think ??

A

glucagonoma

26
Q

constipation, gallbladder stones, hyperglycemia, steatorrhea, abdomnial pain, think excessive secretion of ??

A

somatostatin

inhibits insulin, glucagon, gastrin, secretin, CCK

27
Q

diarrhea, hypokalemia, achlorhydria, hypotensive, think excessive secretion of ??

A

VIP

VIPoma

28
Q

rash, hypogonadism, azoospermia, hair loss, impaired fast, nigh blindness, impaired wound healing, think ??

A

zinc deficiency

29
Q

what is the problem with CFTR in CF??

A

3 base pair deleetion in the CFTR gene at F508
-impaire post translational processing of CFTR, resulting in shunting of CFTR toward proteasome w. complete absence of the protein in the apical membrane of affected epithelial cells

30
Q

what med may decrease adenomatous polyp formation? (which lead to colon adenocarcinoma)

A

COX inhibitors (ASA, celecoxib) as COX-2 has been linked to colonic adenocarcinoma

31
Q

activity of ?? causes intestinal injury in Crohn’s (non-caseating granulomas)

A

IL-2, IFN-y, TNF

32
Q

if bacteria die in hypotonic solution after tx with abx, what abx was it??

A

PCN, ceph, vancomycin because they disrupt the PTG cell wall and orgs can no longer survive osmotic stress

33
Q

odds ratio equation

A

OR=ad/bc (use in case-control study)
RR=(a/(a+b))/(c/(c+d))
(use in cohort study)

34
Q

levels in methemoglobinemia: PO2, % sat, total O2 content, partial pressure O2, oxygen delivery

A
PO2: decreased
%sat: decreased
total O2 content: decreased
partial pressure O2: NORMAL (measure of oxygen dissolved in plasma, unrelated to HGB function)
oxygen delivery: decreased
35
Q

CO poisoning levels:
PO2
%sat
total O2 content

A

PO2: normal
% sat: decreased
total O2 content: decreased

36
Q

anemia levels: PO2
%sat
total O2 content

A

PO2: normal
% sat: normal
total O2 content: decreased

37
Q

most adult brain tumors are ?? will look like what on gross exam ?

A

metastases from other cancers

appear as multiple, well-circumscribed masses at the junction of the gray and white matter

38
Q

joint pain, pruritic skin rash, areas of fibrinoid necrosis (skin) and neutrophil infiltration in small blood vessels (after initiating infliximab) think ??

A

serum sickness; type III hypersn reaction to nonhuman proteins
both TII and TIII hypersensitivity reactions activate complement, so C3 and C4 will be low