6) Child Psychological Development Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 6) Child Psychological Development Deck (25)
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1
Q

When does a baby start to form specific attachments to “key people” and start to be wary about strangers?

A

7-8 months

2
Q

What are the positive outcomes of a secure attachment in a child early life?

A
  • Better social competence
  • Better Peer relations
  • Self reliance
  • Better motional and physical health
3
Q

What was Ainsworth’s “stranger situation” test?

A

Mother and child playing in a room, mother leaves child with stranger and you observe how the child reacts. Then, she comes back and you observe how the child reacts - this is the key part.

4
Q

What is an insecure avoidant style of attachment? What does the indicate about the mother/child relationship?

A

Child is happy to be separated from mother, indicating the mother encourages an independent lifestyle for the child

5
Q

What is an insecure ambivalent style of attachment? What does the indicate about the mother/child relationship?

A

Child is a bit clingy and distressed even with the mother, she can’t comfort them. This indicates an inconsistent with her response to the child.

6
Q

What is an insecure disorganised style of attachment? What does the indicate about the mother/child relationship?

A

Child didn’t seem to enjoy the mother being back, indicates the mother is depressed or even possibly abusing the child.

7
Q

Why is the short absence of a carer most distressing to children aged 6 months to 3 years?

A
  • Can’t keep image of carer in their head
  • Poor language skills, don’t understand she’ll be back tomorrow etc.
  • Feel abandoned, ideas of punishment for being ‘naughty’
8
Q

What criticisms are given to attachment theory?

A
  • Too simplistic
  • Overly focused on mothers
  • Multiple attachment figures
  • Quality of substitute care not considered
9
Q

Why in the 1950s/60s was parental access to children in hospitals limited?

A
  • Wards sterile and clinical - parents bring disease

- Parents leaving was distressing for child - limit their visits, reduce distress

10
Q

What changes (as compared to the 1950s/60s) have been put in place in the clinical environment to improve the experience for children?

A
  • Allow carer access
  • Allow attachment objects (transitional objects - no longer relying on parents, road to independence)
  • Reassure child they aren;t being punished
  • Environment like home
  • Toys
  • High quality care (nurses) - the same people seeing them.
11
Q

What four stages make up Piaget’s theory of cognitive development? What ages are they related to?

A
  • Sensorimotor (0-2)
  • Preoperational (2-7)
  • Concrete operational (7-12)
  • Formal operational (12+)
12
Q

What criticisms are given about the Piagetian approach ?

A
  • Focuses on what a child can’t do, now what they can do

- It encourages given partial information as the child won’t understand - damaging as they will form own ideas

13
Q

What did Harlow theorise was the main reason for attachment between a carer and a child? What was it thought to be before this?

A

Safety and support as opposed to giving food beforehand

14
Q

What behaviours do infants exhibit to keep a carer close?

A
  • Proximity seeking behaviours - following them around

- Contact maintaining behaviours - crying to get them to come over

15
Q

What three stages of social development in infancy did Schaffer outline?

A
  • 6 weeks - newborns show preference for humans over inanimate objects
  • 3 months -distinguish strangers from non-strangers, however, anyone can handle them
  • 7/8 months - specific attachments form, don’t want to be held by strangers
16
Q

What factors predict the formation of a secure attachment in a child?

A
  • Carer sensitive to child’s signals
  • Rapid, appropriate response
  • Interactive synchrony with carer
  • Carer accepts their role
17
Q

What behavioural changes can happen when the attachment figure is absent?

A
  • Separation anxiety
  • Increased aggression
  • Clinging behaviour
  • Bed wetting
  • Detachment
18
Q

What physical changes can happen when the attachment figure is absent?

A
  • Depression
  • Slower movements
  • Less play
  • Less sleep
  • Changes in heart rate
19
Q

What three phases did Bowlby describe concerning the effects of separation?

A
  • Protest (distressed, look for carer, cling to substitute)
  • Despair (signs of helplessness, withdrawn)
  • Detachment (interested in surrounding, when carer comes back they aren’t happy)
20
Q

What is social referencing?

A

The idea that you reflect what you see around you, you adapt to your environment to fit in…a form of empathy

21
Q

Describe the first stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. When does it occur?

A

Sensori-motor (0-2 years):

  • Experience world through senses
  • Development of motor co-ordination
  • No abstract concepts
  • Developing awareness of where they end and where the world starts
  • Understanding that things are permanent - peekaboo no longer funny.
22
Q

Describe the second stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. When does it occur?

A

Pre-operational (2-7 years):

  • Language development
  • Imagination
  • Egocentricism - can’t imagine other viewpoints
  • Classification by single feature
23
Q

Describe the third stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. When does it occur?

A

Concrete operational stage (7-12 years):

  • Think logically, but can’t think abstract
  • Understand numbers, mass, weight
  • Classification by multiple features
  • Able to see other perspectives
24
Q

Describe the fourth stage of Piaget’s theory of cognitive development. When does it occur?

A

Formal operational (12 years +):

  • Abstract logic
  • Hypothetic-deductive reasoning
25
Q

What is Vygotsky’s theory of social and cognitive development?

A
  • Requires social interaction
  • Child learns as an apprentice, through shared problem solving - with able instructions they learn

Basically just like group work at Leicester Medical School.