5.1 Sleeping and Dreaming Revitalize Us for Action

Question 1

Consciousness

Answer 1

• our subjective awareness of ourselves and our environment

Question 2

dualism

Answer 2

• the idea that the mind, a nonmaterial entity, is separate from (although connected to) the physical body

Question 3

biological rhythems

Answer 3

• regularly occurring cycles of behaviors

Question 4

circadian rhythm

Answer 4

• (from the Latin circa, meaning “about” or “approximately,” and dian, meaning “daily”) that guides the daily waking and sleeping cycle in many animals

Question 5

seasonal affective disorder (SAD)

Answer 5

• people are more likely to experience depression during the dark winter months than during the lighter summer months

Question 6

suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 6

• the body’s primary circadian “pacemaker”

Question 7

melatonin

Answer 7

• a powerful hormone that facilitates the onset of sleep

Question 8

Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

Answer 8

• a sleep stage characterized by the presence of quick fast eye movements and dreaming

Question 9

non-rapid eye movement (nonREM) sleep

Answer 9

a deep sleep, characterized by very slow brain waves, that is further subdivided into three stages: N1, N2, and N3

Question 10

N1 sleep stage

Answer 10

• some muscle tone is lost, as well as most awareness of the environment

Question 11

N2 sleep stage

Answer 11

• muscular activity is further decreased and conscious awareness of the environment is lost

Question 12

sleep spindles

Answer 12

• theta waves interspersed with bursts of rapid brain activity

Question 13

N3 sleep stage

Answer 13

• also known as slow wave sleep, is the deepest level of sleep, characterized by an increased proportion of very slow delta waves

Question 14

insomnia

Answer 14

• persistent difficulty falling or staying asleep

Question 15

sleep apnea

Answer 15

• a sleep disorder characterized by pauses in breathing that last at least 10 seconds during sleep

Question 16

narcolepsy

Answer 16

• a disorder characterized by extreme daytime sleepiness with frequent episodes of “nodding off”

Question 17

cataplexy

Answer 17

• the individual loses muscle tone, resulting in a partial or complete collapse

Question 18

somnamulism(sleepwalking)

Answer 18

• the person leaves the bed and moves around while still asleep

Question 19

sleep terrors

Answer 19

• a disruptive sleep disorder, most frequently experienced in childhood, that may involve loud screams and intense panic

Question 20

bruxism

Answer 20

• the sufferer grinds his teeth during sleep

Question 21

restless legs syndrome

Answer 21

• the sufferer reports an itching, burning, or otherwise uncomfortable feeling in his legs, usually exacerbated when resting or asleep

Question 22

periodic limb movement disorder

Answer 22

• involves sudden involuntary movement of limbs

Question 23

REM sleep behavior disorder

Answer 23

• a condition in which people (usually middle-aged or older men) engage in vigorous and bizarre physical activities during REM sleep in response to intense, violent dreams

Question 24

dreams

Answer 24

• the succession of images, thoughts, sounds, and emotions that passes through our minds while sleeping

Question 25

wish fulfillment

Answer 25

• the idea that dreaming allows us to act out the desires that we must repress during the day

Question 26

manifest content

Answer 26

• a dreams literal actions

Question 27

latent content

Answer 27

• the hidden psychological meaning of the dream

Question 28

activation-synthesis theory

Answer 28

• proposes still another explanation for dreaming—namely, that dreams are our brain’s interpretation of the random firing of neurons in the brain stem