5.1. Migration as a component of population change

Question 1

International Migration

Answer 1

Movement across an international boundary from one country to another.

Question 2

Push Factors

Answer 2

Negative observations about an area in which an individual is presently living

Question 3

Relay Migration

Answer 3

Within a family, at a certain age, people migrate to improve the financial position of the family. This is repeated with each new generation. Once they
have taken responsibility for a set period they can pass on the responsibility to another member of the family approaching that particular age/point in life.

Question 4

Migration

Answer 4

The movement of people across a specified boundary, national or international, to establish a new permanent place of residence lasting more than one year. Movements with a time scale of less than one year are termed ‘circulatory movements’.

Question 5

In-migration

Answer 5

Internal migrants moving into an area

Question 6

Pull Factors

Answer 6

Perceived better conditions in the place to which the migrant wishes to go

Question 7

Destination

Answer 7

Where migrations end

Question 8

Internal Migration

Answer 8

Movement within a country/nation.

Question 9

Step Migration

Answer 9

A rural migrant initially heads for a familiar small town and then after a period of time moves onto a larger urban settlement. Over many years the migrant may
take a number of steps up the urban hierarchy

Question 10

Emigration

Answer 10

Migrants moving out of a country to complete international migration

Question 11

Voluntary Migration

Answer 11

When an individual or household has a free choice about whether to move or not

Question 12

Forced Migration

Answer 12

When an individual or household has little or no choice about whether to move or not. This may be due to environmental or human factors.

Question 13

Out-migration

Answer 13

Migrants moving out of an area to complete internal migration

Question 14

Counterstream

Answer 14

The reverse of a migration stream – those that return back to origin due to dissatisfaction with their destination

Question 15

Chain Migration

Answer 15

An established migration between a rural and an urban area developed by previous pioneers and now accessible by people of the same community. The
pioneers have set off a ‘chain reaction’

Question 16

Net Migration

Answer 16

Number of migrants entering an area minus the number of migrants leaving an area. Could be a positive or negative number.

Question 17

Migration Stream

Answer 17

A number of migrations performing the same migration (same origin and destination)

Question 18

Immigrants

Answer 18

International migrants moving into a country

Question 19

Barriers to migration

Answer 19

Sometimes called intervening obstacles. In earlier times this could have been physical dangers of the journey and cost. Nowadays it is more likely to be legal restrictions.

Question 20

Constraints, obstacles, barriers to migration

Answer 20

Main constraints are distance and cost

Cost:

• “closing up” at point of origin - fees for selling houses and selling possessions
• Actual cost of movement itself - depends on mode of transport and time taken on journey
• Costs of “opening up” at point of destination - costs of beginning new life at destination

Distance:

• Physical dangers - floods, landslide and crossing water boundaries
• Human dangers - hostility from other people and chances of an accident

Also, immigration laws are present in countries imposed by governments onto migrants. Government favors migrants with skills that are short in supply