What are the two main differences between certification and licensing
1) Certification is voluntary, licensing is legally required
2) Certification is overseen by an international credentialing board and licensing is overseen by states
State the four categories of requirements for BCaBAs and BCBAs
- an educational degree from an accredited university
- a specific number of hours of course work in behavior analysis
- a specific number of supervised hours of practical experience
- passing the relevant certification exam
State the degree requirement for BCaBAs
-A bachelor’s degree from an accredited university (it does not have to be in behavior analysis or psychology)
State the degree requirements for BCBAs
- A master’s degree from an accredited university in behavior analysis, psychology, or education or
- from a degree program with an approved BACB course sequence
Restrictive laws
-Only behavior analysts who provide clinical services to individuals need to be licensed
Broad title and practice laws
-You can’t call yourself a behavior analyst (title) or practice behavior analysis (practice) unless you are licensed
From a behavioral perspective, describe how constitutions, bills of rights, and related political documents are viewed
-Formal specifications of contingencies designed to control the behavior of those who control the behavior of others
Why, in its early years, did the term “behavior modification” evoke many negative reactions, ranging from suspicion to outright hostility?
- Cultural history and because of people’s personal experiences with others who have abused their power
- Equation to shock therapy, brainwashing and torture
Define ethics from a behavioral point of view
-Certain standards of behavior that a culture developed to promote the survival of that culture
Is all control unethical?
- No, certain social goals can ONLY be achieved by exerting control over behavior
- Teachers can only teach children to read by changing their behavior
Define countetcontrol
-The reciprocal of control; influence the controllee has on the controller by having access to suitable reinforcers and punishers (ex workers union)
WHy is it that the authors state that perhaps the best way to develop effective countercontrol throughout society is to spread their skills as widely as possible and to help educate the general public with respect to behavior modification
-It should be difficult to use behavioral science to the disadvantage of any group whose members are well versed in the principles and tactics of behavior modification
When is it unacceptable to expose an individual to nonrestrictive interventions
-If assessment results or research indicate that other procedures would be more effective
What determines overall restrictiveness of an intervention?
- Absolute level of restrictiveness
- Amount of time required to produce an acceptable outcome
- Consequences associated with interventions that have delayed effects
According to Skinner, what is the problem of giving too much help?
-By giving too much help, we postpone the acquisition of effective behavior and perpetuate the need for help
When we refer to someone as lacking initiative/suffering from apathy or boredom, what are they actually suffering from?
-A world in which their behavior is not positively reinforced
How does behavior modification help people?
-Arranging conditions under which they get things rather than by giving things
Why is it inevitable that there would be a conflict between behavior modification and the traditional views of helping others, particularly those in institutional care?
- In order to help individuals with behavioral problems, we need to implement effective contingencies of reinforcement.
- The arrangement of effective contingencies of reinforcement involves depriving individuals, to some extent, of powerful reinforcers that traditionally have been viewed as guaranteed rights, and withholding them until the habilitative behavior occurs
Describe the FCT with extinction procedure
- Jay: If he handed the card to the therapist, 20 seconds of praise/interaction
- Betty: If she said “attention please”, 20 seconds of praise/interaction
- Extinction for inappropriate behavior
Describe the FCT with punishment procedure
- Same as extinction for reinforcement
- Punishment Jay: - 30 second hand-down procedure
- Punishment Betty: 30 second hand down procedure plus vision screen
Describe the punishment only procedure
-Problem behavior resulted in a 30s hands down procedure for Jay or a 30s hands down and visual screen procedure for Betty. Attention was otherwise unavailable
How did the children choose the treatment condition?
The children pressed one of three different colored switches, each of which was paired with one of the three treatments
After the children pressed the switch, w hat happened?
They were immediately praised by the therapist for pressing the switch and exposed to the corresponding treatment for 2 minutes
Of the three conditions, which did the children prefer?
-FCT plus punishment
What would have been the problems if treatment options were restricted to those considered nonaversive or positive?
-The participants in the study would have been prescribed treatments that were both ineffective and nonpreferred
Why might the children have chosen the treatment condition they did?
-The higher probability of reinforcement per response was responsible for the children’s preference for the punishment interventions