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4) Nutrition Through Life > 4) Energy and Protein Requirements for Adults > Flashcards

4) Energy and Protein Requirements for Adults Flashcards

1
Q

Define the EER.

A

The average dietary energy intake that will maintain energy balance in a healthy person of a given gender, age, weight, height, and physical activity level, consistent with good health

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2
Q

What does EER stand for?

A

Estimated energy requirement

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3
Q

How does the EER fluctuate with growth, pregnancy, and lactation?

A

The EER takes into account the energy content of new body constituents

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4
Q

What criteria do energy recommendations depend on?

A

That the individual’s body weight is within the healthy range and in energy balance

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5
Q

In a weight-stable individual, what must the energy intake be equal to?

A

The TEE

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6
Q

What does TEE stand for?

A

Total Energy Expenditure

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7
Q

Define the BMR.

A
  • The minimal amount of energy expenditure compatible with life
  • Energy needed to maintain body function at rest (e.g. breathing, temperature control, cell growth)
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8
Q

What does BMR stand for? What is an equivalent term?

A
  • Basal Metabolic Rate

- BEE (Basal Energy Expenditure)

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9
Q

How is the BMR measured?

A

In the supine position under standard conditions of rest, fasting, immobility, thermoneutrality, and mental relaxation

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10
Q

How is the BMR/BEE expressed?

A

Kilocalories per hour

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11
Q

Define the TEE.

A

The energy spent, on average, in a 24-hour period by an individual or a group of individuals

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12
Q

Does the TEE represent the quantity of energy spent per day?

A
  • The TEE reflects the AVERAGE amount of energy spent in a typical day
  • Does NOT represent the exact quantity of energy spent each and every day
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13
Q

What ratio is used to calculate PAL?

A

The ratio of TEE/BMR

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14
Q

What does PAL stand for?

A

Physical activity level

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15
Q

In adult men, non-pregnant women, and non-lactating women, what equation can derive the TEE?

A

TEE = BMR x PAL

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16
Q

What recommended PAL provides certain health benefits, but not enough to maintain a healthy body weight?

A

A minimum of 30 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity most days of the week

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17
Q

What recommended PAL prevents weight gain and provides additional health benefits?

A

60 minutes of moderate intensity physical activity per day (for both adults and children)

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18
Q

What does moderate intensity physical activity include?

A
  • Walking at a pace of 4 mph
  • Gardening
  • Light housekeeping
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19
Q

In terms of numbers, what is the recommended PAL?

A

1.6 to 1.7

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20
Q

What do the PAL categories depend on?

A

The reference weight of the individual

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21
Q

How does the number of miles walked per day to reach the same PAL category differ between a light-weight individual and a middle-weight individual? Why?

A
  • Light-weight individuals need to walk more miles per day than middle-weight individuals
  • Because middle-weight individuals burn more energy due to the greater amount of weight that they are carrying
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22
Q

What is PAL converted to in order to calculate an individual’s energy requirements?

A

PAL is converted to physical activity coefficients (PA), using reference tables

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23
Q

Are physical activity coefficients lower or higher than PALs?

A

PAs are always lower than PALs (except if the physical activity is sedentary, in which case they are both 1.00)

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24
Q

What parameters do EER equations include?

A
  • Age
  • Physical activity coefficient
  • Weight
  • Height
25
Q

Which unit system does the EER equation utilize?

A

The metric system

26
Q

Is there an RDA for for energy? Why or why not?

A

There is no RDA for energy, as any excess of energy intake results in weight gain

27
Q

How were EER equations derived?

A
  • Data and studies gathered on total energy expenditure

- Measured using the doubly labeled water technique

28
Q

How do you convert feet to meters?

A

Meters = Feet/3.28

29
Q

How do you convert inches to meters?

A

Meters = Inches/39.4

30
Q

How do you convert pounds to kilograms?

A

Kilograms = Pounds/2.2

31
Q

What does AMDR stand for?

A

Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Ranges

32
Q

Define the AMDR.

A

The range of intake for macronutrients that are associated with a reduced risk of chronic disease, while providing an adequate intake of essential nutrients and energy

33
Q

What are the AMDRs for carbohydrates, fat, and protein?

A
  • Carbohydrates: 45 to 65%
  • Fat: 20 to 35%
  • Protein: 10 to 35%
34
Q

What indicator is used to estimate the requirements (RDA) for protein?

A

Nitrogen balance

35
Q

What indicator is used to estimate the requirements (AI) for linoleic acid?

A

Median intake of linoleic acid in a healthy population

36
Q

What indicator is used to estimate the requirements (AI) for a-linolenic acid?

A

Median intake of a-linolenic acid in a healthy population

37
Q

What indicator is used to estimate the requirements (RDA) for carbohydrates?

A

Minimum amount of glucose required by the brain without depending on fat or protein as an alternative source

38
Q

What indicator is used to estimate the requirements (AI) for dietary fiber?

A

Median intake observed to achieve the lowest risk of coronary artery disease

39
Q

Define essential (indispensable) amino acids.

A
  • Either cannot be made by the body or cannot be made in sufficient quantity to meet its needs
  • The carbon skeleton of these amino acids may not be synthesized from simpler molecules, requiring their ingestion through the diet
40
Q

Define non-essential (dispensable) amino acids.

A

Amino acids that may be synthesized by the body from other amino acids or complex metabolites, containing nitrogen

41
Q

Define conditionally indispensable amino acids.

A
  • Synthesized from other precursors under normal conditions

- But, their synthesis may be limited under certain circumstances (e.g. pregnancy, disease, infancy)

42
Q

What amino acids may a newborn synthesize?

A
  • Alanine
  • Aspartate
  • Asparagine
  • Glutamate
  • Serine
43
Q

To synthesize amino acids, what molecule is required?

A

a-amino nitrogen

44
Q

What amino acids are required to synthesize a-amino nitrogen?

A
  • Aspartate
  • Glutamine
  • Glutamate
45
Q

Define protein turnover.

A

The continual degradation and re-synthesis of protein

46
Q

What sources contribute to the free amino acid pool?

A
  • Dietary intake

- De novo synthesis of dispensable amino acids

47
Q

What pathways degrade amino acids from the free amino acid pool?

A
  • Excretion
  • Oxidation
  • Non-protein pathways
48
Q

Which age group possesses the highest daily amount of protein turnover? Which age group possesses the lowest?

A
  • Highest, on a body weight basis, in newborns

- Lowest in the elderly

49
Q

Which organs contribute the most to protein turnover? Which structure contributes the least?

A
  • The liver and intestine contribute the most

- Skeletal muscle contributes the least

50
Q

Which structure contains the highest amount of total body protein?

A

Skeletal muscle

51
Q

How are Protein Quality Control Scores expressed?

A

mg of the amino acid per gram of protein

52
Q

What is the function of the Protein Quality Control Scoring Pattern?

A

To evaluate the quality of the protein source by determining the relative amounts of its amino acids

53
Q

What are Protein Quality Control Scores based on?

A

The protein-digestibility corrected amino acid score

54
Q

What is the protein-digestibility corrected amino acid score?

A
  • Compares the amino acids in a test protein to a reference protein (e.g. egg = 1.00)
  • The score is then multiplied by the true digestibility percentage
55
Q

What age group cannot apply the Protein Quality Control Scores?

A

Infants below the age of 1

56
Q

What age group does not utilize nitrogen balance to determine protein requirements? What is used instead?

A
  • Infants aged 0 to 6 months

- The AI for protein in infants aged 0 to 6 months is based on the average consumption of protein from human milk

57
Q

Define nitrogen balance.

A

The different between nitrogen intake, and nitrogen excretion in urine, feces, and further losses

58
Q

What is the RDA for protein?

A

0.80 g/kg/day

4) Nutrition Through Life (19 decks)

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