3.4.1 Psychology Is A Science (Con) Flashcards Preview

Eduqas A Level Psychology > 3.4.1 Psychology Is A Science (Con) > Flashcards

Flashcards in 3.4.1 Psychology Is A Science (Con) Deck (42)
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1
Q

What is a controversy?

A

Prolonged dispute or debate concerning a matter of opinion

2
Q

What does a controversy not have?

A

A clear answer/resolution

3
Q

(Benefits) What is science concerned with?

A

What we know to be the truth

4
Q

(Benefits)We attach considerable importance to science as a way of what?

A

Distinguishing what is true and real

5
Q

(Benefits) Science gives us a body of knowledge we accept to be what?

A

Trustworthy

6
Q

(Benefits) why do psychologists want psychology to be recognised as a science?

A

They want their research to be deemed trustworthy and their applications to be accepted

7
Q

(characteristics) the most fundamental characteristic of a science is reliance on what?

A

empirical methods of observation and investigation

8
Q

(characteristics) what are empirical methods?

A

conducting research to provide evidence

9
Q

(characteristics) science is what o?

A

objective - scientific observation under objective conditions

10
Q

(characteristics) scientific research involves what c?

A

control - it takes place under controlled conditions with control over variables

11
Q

(characteristics) scientific findings and investigations are what r?

A

replicable - consistent

12
Q

(characteristics) science is what f?

A

falsifiable - we can falsify hypothesis - prove things wrong

13
Q

(characteristics) science involves making testable predictions about what is expected when?

A

under specific conditions

14
Q

(characteristics) what method is ideal for conducting scientific psychological research?

A

lab experiments

15
Q

(characteristics) why are lab experiments ideal?

A
test falsifiable hypotheses
conducted under objective conditions
replicable methods and findings
empirical
high control over variables
16
Q

(characteristics) what other scientific methods does psychological research use?

A

controlled observations

brain scans

17
Q

(methodologies) what methodologies does the biological approach use?

A
brain scans
lab experiments e.g. double blind placebo trials
genetic studies
psychological measures
quasi experiments e.g. raine et al
18
Q

(methodologies) what methodologies does the psychodynamic approach use?

A
controlled studies
case studies e.g. Anna O
interviews
PET scans
dream analysis
19
Q

(methodologies) what methodologies does the behaviourist approach use?

A

controlled observations

lab experiments

20
Q

(methodologies) what methodologies does the cognitive approach use?

A

lab experiments e.g. Loftus & Palmer
interviews
questionnaires
field experiments

21
Q

(methodologies) what methodologies does the positive approach use?

A

meta analysis & reviews e.g. myres & diener literature review
correlational analysis e.g. happiness & age
observations via beepers/ pagers
surveys e.g. happiness of americans

22
Q

(change) with the psychodynamic approach (1900) what approach and research methods were favoured for understanding human behaviour?

A

idiographic approach

qualitative methods e.g. case studies like anna O, little Hans, Bowlby

23
Q

(change) why did the idiographic approach fall out of favour?

A

rise of behaviourism (1913)

24
Q

(change) with the behaviourist approach what did psychologists seek to do?

A

quantify behaviour permitting statistical analysis e.g. skinners box

25
Q

(change) the rise of behaviourism saw the decline in the idiographic approach, replaced by what?

A

nomothetic approach

26
Q

(change) what does nomothetic mean?

A

aims to create general laws of behaviour e.g. reinforcement and punishment

27
Q

(change) how long did the nomothetic approach to understanding behaviour continue?

A

up to 1990s - cognitive and biological approach

28
Q

(change) when did the first psychology lab open?

A

1879

29
Q

(change) today what methods do psychologists like to use?

A

combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques

30
Q

(change) give an example of a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods:

A

thematic content analysis

used when analysing details from case studies

31
Q

(change) today psychologists like to use triangulation, what is this?

A

using a variety of research methods to check the validity of findings

32
Q

(change) give an example of triangulation:

A

following a questionnaire with an observation

33
Q

(IS a science) give an example of psychological research that was falsifiable:

A

initial dopamine hypothesis proposed schizophrenics had too much dopamine
falsified by administering drugs which reduce levels of dopamine finding no effect on individuals with negative symptoms

34
Q

(IS a science) why is it a benefit that research is falsifiable?

A

developments in understanding

e.g. falsification of initial dopamine hypothesis led to development of more effective atypical drugs

35
Q

(IS a science) give an example of psychological research conducted under objective conditions:

A

skinner’s box on operant conditioning was conducted under objective conditions to investigate effects of reinforcement and punishment on behaviour

36
Q

(IS a science) why is it beneficial if research is objective?

A

seen to be scientific and trustworthy

37
Q

(IS a science) give an example of a replicable piece of psychological research:

A

milgram’s study of obedience

replications found high levels of obedience across sex & nationality

38
Q

(IS a science) why is it a benefit if research is replicable?

A

consistency allows for cause and effect relationships to be established
trustworthy evidence to support explanations

39
Q

(IS a science) give an example of controlled psychological research:

A

Watson and Rayners controlled observation on little albert - high control over variables e.g. lighting

40
Q

(IS a science) why is it a benefit if research is controlled?

A

higher control, replication, consistency in findings allows cause and effect relationships to be established, therefore findings are trusted

41
Q

(IS a science) give an example of empirical psychological research:

A

loftus & palmer - research on how leading questions affect memory recall

42
Q

(IS a science) why is it a benefit research is empirical?

A

scientific knowledge deemed trustworthy and real life applications e.g. cognitive interview to gain more accurate EWT

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