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Geography, Contemporary urban environments > 3.2.3.1- Urbanisation > Flashcards

3.2.3.1- Urbanisation Flashcards

1
Q

What is the importance of urbanisation in human affairs?

A
  • it is changing the social structure of society as dominant rural culture is replaced by dominant urban culture, similar to the switch between hunter gatherer lifestyle to farming.
  • human nature becomes more competitive and we distance family ties
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2
Q

What are the global patterns in urbanisation since 1945?

A
  • population grew from 0.75 billion to 3.9 billion by 2014
  • 5x more people living in urban areas than rural
  • urbanisation occurred at a rate of 2.5%
  • Africa and Asia are urbanising the fastest
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3
Q

Advantages of megacities

A
  • POLITICAL: more liberal and carry global political power due to size of populations
  • ECONOMY: UN estimates megacities generate 2-3 x more GDP than other cities
  • ENVIRONMENT: better for environment in terms of transport, electricity water and sanitation as population is all in 1 place
  • SOCIAL: better access to services like HC and ED
  • EMPLOYMENT: population have more access to diversified employment markets. informal economy provides work for poorest or those without official status.
  • TECHNOLOGICAL: megacities are often centres of innovation where solutions for global problems are trailled.
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4
Q

Disadvantages of megacities

A
  • TRANSPORT: can be bad if not managed leading to congestion and pollution
  • POVERTY: as its hard to provide jobs, housing and infrastructure
  • ENVIRONMENT: as more dumps to deal with waste EG. Mumbai produces 6,500 tonnes a day in a creek near a residential. climate change is also affected and expansion removed biodiversity EG urban land will have expanded 3.3 million km2 by 2030
  • People pushed to MARGINAL LAND facing flooding and disease
  • Slum dwellers face an increased CRIME levels because of poor migrants
  • CONFLICT and riots due to bad governance EG Data
  • Not enough resources or services
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5
Q

How many people are in a millionaire city, megacity and megacity?

A

1 million
10 million
20 million

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6
Q

How has the growth of megacities changed?

A

In 1960 the only 2 megacities were NY and Tokyo
It took 150 years for London to grow to 7 million, but only took 50 years for Mexico City to grow to 15 million, so they are growing more rapidly
Asia has the most megacities, due to its high population. there are 9 megacities in china.
Mostly in LIC/NEE now

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7
Q

Examples of different types of megacities:

A

Immature megacities: rapid growth and services can’t keep up EG. Nigeria
Consolidating megacities: begin to provide basic services-self help schemes EG. Mumbai
Maturing megacities: more developed formal economy and service industries EG. Sao Paulo, Brazil
Established megacities: effective governance, sustainability projects EG. London

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8
Q

What are the features of world cities?

A
  • recognised worldwide
  • unchallenged seats of prestige, power, status and influence
  • comand and control centres of global economy EG. New York stock exchange controls economy of developed world
  • major transport and communication hubs to deliver advanced services globally EG. trade in Tokyo
  • great education
  • political power and participate in global events like G8 summits EG. NY United Nations
  • cultural dimension through ethnic diversity, foreign embassies, sport and art EG. broadway NY and now in developing world too like like Nollywood in Nigeria. Don’t have to be big but still have influence over world eg. Milan centre of world fashion industry in Italy
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9
Q

Location of World cities

A
  • N america, Europe and Asia EG London Tokyo and NY
  • developing world
  • near water for international trade
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10
Q

Ranking of world cities

A

Alpha- very integrated EG. London
Alpha* cities- integrated cities that complement Alpha EG. Tokyo
Alpha- link major economic regions into the world economy EG. Chicago
Beta- link their own region into the world economy EG. Copenhagen
Gamma- link smaller regions into the world economy EG. Bristol

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11
Q

Examples of magacities

A

Shanghai has 7,000 billionaires, 100,000 new homes built ever month for people in slums
Dhaka has 12 million people, 0.5 million migrants every year, 4 million people in slums but very vibrant

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12
Q

Push factors for suburbanisation

A 
overcrowding
pollution
bad housing
congestion
lower QOL
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13
Q

Pull factors for suburbanisation

A 
more green space for better QOL
better for families eg. schools
lower levels of crime
peaceful 
jobs started to open up in suburbs
although expensive land, cheaper houses
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14
Q

History of suburbanisation

A

First happened in USA during WW1 where many African Americans moved north to south looking for jobs
As a result many white families moved out of the cities-white flight
This was also seen in the UK in 1950-60’s as there was a shortage of workforce after the world war so government encouraged people from British empire to move to the UK, where they searched for jobs in city and white flight occurred
2019 onwards far more people work from home and some jobs have moved to the suburbs (decentralisation)

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15
Q

Negative impacts of suburbanisation

A

house prices in suburbs increases
decline of CBD and inner city as edge cities have occurred (decentralisation)- needs better transport links
huge increase in car ownership leading to pollution and congestion
urban sprawl and pressure on greenbelts
loss of community in suburbs

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16
Q

Advantages of suburbanisation

A
  • increasing employment opportunities in offices and shops
  • derelict land can be cleared in inner city improving environment
  • local tax base increases so councils can afford new services and facilities
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17
Q

Advantages of counter urbanisation

A

cheap housing in inner city
less cars so less population
areas can be redeveloped and put to better use
easier access to health and education

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18
Q

Disadvantages of counter urbanisation

A 
less community
shops may close in inner city
taxes decrease
dormitory in day as people commute
(talk about rural areas mainly)
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19
Q

what is the difference between suburbanisation and counter urbanisation?

A

suburbanisation is the movement of people from inner parts of a city to the city suburbs/rural urban fringe, whearas counter urbanisation is the movement of people out of large cities to rural areas beyond the greenbelt

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20
Q

Causes of counter urbanisation

A 
high population densities in the cities 
increased amounts of people who can commute
increased access to online shopping
safer
less congestion
collapse of inner city industries 
people can work from home
increased affluence whereas developing countries are still going through urbanisation
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21
Q

factors leading to increased demand in housing

A

natural increase (better HC)
migration
increased divorces so less people per house

22
Q

Deindustrialisation

A

decline in importance of industrial activity for a place , specifically may refer to a falling % or population who work in manufacturing/declining contribution of manufacturing to GDP

23
Q

Causes of deindustrialisation

A
  • global shift occurred due to lower land prices and low labour costs EG.china
  • technological changes have made some industries obsolete
24
Q

Cities where deindustrialisation occurred

A

Liverpool- was a port but ended in 1970’s when changes in global trade made Bristol down south more popular. 2,000 businesses closed like textiles and engineering and 200,000 jobs were lost
Manchester- 50,000 jobs were lost in textiles and heavy engineering and chemicals with 1/5 of population lost
Cardiff- decline of coal and steel industries made the port suffer from being the 2nd largest in the world

25
Q

Negative effects of deindustrialisation

A

positive feedback cycle of deprivation:
people move out as loose jobs -> empty houses boarded up -> poorer residents move in -> less community cohesion, environment deteriorates -> vandalism, crime drugs -> reputation or area declines so lack of investment -> poor services as less income for council -> people leave ect.

26
Q

Positive feedback cycle of deprivation from deindustrialisation

A

people move out as loose jobs -> empty houses boarded up -> poorer residents move in -> less community cohesion, environment deteriorates -> vandalism, crime drugs -> reputation or area declines so lack of investment -> poor services as less income for council -> people leave ect.

27
Q

Benefits of deindustrialisation for UK

A

Social- fewer people working in dangerous or unhealthy conditions.
improved working opportunities for women in tertiary work
Economic- more people earning high salaries tertiary industries
Environmental- fewer polluting industries and lower carbon emissions

28
Q

Costs of deindustrialisation for UK

A

Social- loss of sense of place for communities built around factories and mines
social problems from cycle of deprivation- crime rates increase, less shops and services
Economic- loss of industry
long term unemployment of older factory workers or miners
Environmental- carbon emissions have been offshore not reduced as imports and mechanisation
brownfield sites, dereliction, pollution from chemicals

29
Q

Premature deindustrialisation

A

the fall in the relative importance of manufacturing that occurs sooner than expected in emerging economies based on previous countries

30
Q

Premature deindustrialisation

A

the fall in the relative importance of manufacturing that occurs sooner than expected in emerging economies based on previous countries (after just decades of first factories)

31
Q

Impacts of premature deindustrialisation

A

shorter gap between industrial take off and peak industrialisation after just decades means income due to industrialisation has been lower
fewer jobs created -doesn’t make use of demographic dividend. not good as violence in Middle East stems from youth unemployment
if populations can be well educated then they can skip the factory employment and work in the tertiary sector

32
Q

cause of premature deindustrialisation

A

mechanisation- AI and robotics

EG. sewbots in Bangladesh for sewing

33
Q

What are the changes in industries and why?

A

PRIMARY- Decreased in industrial period as mechanisation occurred. work went to china as strength of pound increased.
SECONDARY- increased in pre-industrial as rebuilt after war. peaked in industrial period because the invention of machinery started factories and people built ships and worked in steel making and textiles. People demanded these products. decreased in post industrial because foreign industries became competitive and imports more affordable in NEE’s.
manufacturing was 25% of jobs in 1970’s Uk but now only 8%.
TERTIARY- increased in industrial and peaked in post industrial because people needed to sell the manufactured products. demand for work increased in schools, hospitals and retail. Rural urban migration for better jobs. greater demand as QOL increases, and more women working.
QUATERNARY- relatively new concept as technology has only been developed recently.

34
Q

Why was urban resurgence needed?

what will it do?

A

Environmental: pollution from old factories, vandalism, lack fo green space
Economic: unemployment, poverty, low income, lack of space for new industries and poor access
Social problems: crime, falling birth rates, high concentration of ethnic groups and concentrations of very young and old

Attract young professionals who desire to be near work, close to leisure and entertainment with a lively atmosphere of cities without city problems

35
Q

Regeneration policies:

A

URBAN DEVELOPMENT CORPORATIONS: property lead initiatives set up in 1980’s where local businesses were encouraged to invest in derelict land and then less to private businesses.
A- attracts new businesses and improves environment . by 1990’s £12 billion private sector investment and 190,000 jobs
D-locals didn’t get much say, new housing and jobs didn’t benefit them EG. London Docklands
CITY CHALLENGE: 1990’s competition led policy where best scheme won government grant. local leadership.
A- better schemes were created. created 53,000 jobs and reclaimed 2,000 Ha of derelict land
D- previously funded areas lost funding, money lost repairing bids, resources spread thinly EG. Manchester Derm valley partnership
NEW DEAL FOR COMMUNITIES: 2000’s involved 10yr programmes to transform the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods and improve QOL.
A- improvement in 32/36 core indicators. urban design was dressed with an architect. managed by locals so specific needs met.
D- bigger impact on places than people. little change in unemployment and education- main aims EG. New islington millennium village
Future- devolution of power EG greater Manchester 2014

36
Q

What is gentrification?

A

richer people buy property and do it up, improving environment and taxes, but pushing poorer locals out by increasing rent and property values. bigger chain stores move in due to increased rent.
EG. Nine elms in Battersea- 20,000 new homes are developed on brownfield site. state led gentrification encouraged by local government. however most housing is sold to out of area, even If a fraction must be affordable, as developers want money.

37
Q

Types of industries:

A

Primary- produce raw materials for industry EG mining
Secondary- manufacturing and assembly industries taking raw materials into finished products EG steel manufacturing
Tertiary- service industries EG teachers
Quaternary- research and development industries EG development of new computer components

38
Q

why has the service industry increased?

A

increased foreign investment
increased demand at home
slow growth of manufacturing and construction
77% of Uk economy in 2015

39
Q

How is decentralisation achieved?

what is an example?

A

by the devolution of power

greater Manchester in 2014 selected its own mayor

40
Q

What is the purpose of greenbelts?

A
  1. prevent urban sprawl
  2. prevent neighboring towns and cities merging
  3. preserve character of historic towns and cities
  4. protect green open space
  5. provide recreational areas close to population areas
  6. to protect agricultural land
  7. to assist in urban regeneration by forcing developers to build on brownfield sites
41
Q

Advantages of greenbelts

A

stop urban sprawl

stop unwanted development on rural urban fringe

42
Q

Disadvantages of greenbelts

A

developers forced onto more rural land beyond greenbelt encouraging counter urbanisation which causes more commuting, more roads, increased car use, traffic, congestion and pollution
densely packed housing estates
land prices increase and so do house prices

43
Q

Issues of suburbanisation and management strategies::

A

ECONOMIC:
businesses choosing to locate in inner city (urban resurgence) when young are- marrying and children later, less likely to drive EG. google moved to kings cross
industries like IT don’t need central base as work from home
economy of suburbs under pressure
MANAGEMENT:green economy and medicine may be future industries
HOUSING: more deprived areas that are older and more children, and more ethnically diverse
complex needs and needs more resources
MANAGEMENT: London mayor has plans to change housing policies to more affordable and more facilities to support growth
TRANSPORT: inadequate public transport for off peak trips
heavy traffic on key routes
2/3 of all journeys in outer London are made by car
MANAGEMENT: investment into bus network
crossrail
reclassification of travel zones to make journeys cheaper EG Waterloo
new bike storage and pedestrian access improved
ENVIRONMENTAL: higher carbon emissions in suburbs due to car use
energy inefficient homes
MANAGEMENT: bike storage units to reduce pollution
retrofitting schemes to improve energy efficiency and new builds are efficient

44
Q

Facts about suburbs

A

home to 60% of city’s population

provide 1.9 million jobs generating 1/3 of Londons GDP

45
Q

Consequence of suburbanisation on the inner city:

A 
A- lower density housing can be made
better environment as derelict land is removed and recreational land created
D- loss of jobs in city and poverty
derelict buildings deter investment 
decline of CBD
46
Q

Consequence of suburbanisation in suburbs:

A

A- increased employment in offices and shops
recreational facilities
D- villages loose character, school places for locals
increase house prices mean hard for young ppl to stay
increased congestion and pollution from commuters
greater polarisation between suburbs and inner city in terms of ethnicity, affluence, education, employment
pressure on greenbelt

47
Q

burgess model

A 
CBD
Inner city
inner suburbs
outer suburbs
R-U Fringe
Greenbelt 
1930's along roads
1940's further back from roads
1950's council estates
1970's private estates
48
Q

Facts about green belts

A

first put into law in 1947
14 today around most major UK cities
cover 15% of Uk land area
owned by local authorities with strict restrictions on development

49
Q

Can megacities be sustainable?

A

if regulations for environment keep green spaces and low carbon emissions
services and housing need to grow quick to reduce poverty

50
Q

General economic, social, technological, political and demographic processes associated with urbanisation:

A

Employment opportunities
access to HC, education, transport services
towns loose customers due to internet or large shopping centres
new advances in technology allow buildings to be even taller
politically urban areas are becoming more influential in national and international affairs
natural increase and migration is a key component, with rural urban migration very fast in developing countries
economic growth is helped by flow of migrant workers keeping wages low and maximising profits
more bars, restaurants and pedestrianised areas and public transport also increase economic prosperity

Geography, Contemporary urban environments (1 decks)

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