3.2.2 Dopamine Hypothesis Evaluation (Sch) Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 3.2.2 Dopamine Hypothesis Evaluation (Sch) Deck (40)
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1
Q

(Genes) many researchers believe dopamine imbalances are caused by what?

A

Genetic predisposition

2
Q

(Genes) there is a large body of evidence to support what?

A

Genetic basis for schizophrenia

3
Q

(Genes) Gottesman - as genetic similarity between individuals increased what else did?

A

Their probability of having schizophrenia

4
Q

(Genes) gottesman - how many times more likely are you to develop schizophrenia if your parent has it vs your cousin?

A

3x

5
Q

(Genes) gottesman - if you have an identical twin with schizophrenia what is your risk?

A

48%

6
Q

(Genes) gottesman - if your grandparent has schizophrenia what is your risk?

A

5%

7
Q

(Genes) gottesman - how many times more likely are you to get schizophrenia if your identical twin has it than if your half sibling does?

A

8x

8
Q

(Genes) gottesmans findings suggest there is what?

A

Genetic factor to schizophrenia and dopamine imbalance

9
Q

(Genes) what do families share as well as genes?

A

Environment

10
Q

(Genes) why is family sharing an environment an issue in investigating genetics?

A

Hard to separate effects of nature and nurture

11
Q

(Genes) how can the issue of environment be overcome?

A

Using adoption studies

12
Q

(Genes) Heston - who were hestons experimental group?

A

47 people adopted at birth because their mothers had schizophrenia

13
Q

(Genes) who did Heston compare them with? What was the purpose of this?

A

47 matched controls adopted with mentally healthy mothers
Baseline
Ruled out any effect adoption had on developing schizophrenia

14
Q

(Genes) Heston - the 94 adults were interviewed to see what?

A

If they developed schizophrenia themselves

15
Q

(Genes) Heston - of the 47 adults with a biological mother with schizophrenia how many developed it?

A

5 hospitalised

3 critically ill

16
Q

(Genes) Heston - how many of the controls developed schizophrenia?

A

None

17
Q

(Genes) Hestons research suggest genetics play a role in what?

A

Development of schizophrenia

18
Q

(Genes) Tienari - who were the experimental group?

A

155 adopted children in Finland with biological mothers with schizophrenia

19
Q

(Genes) Tienari who were they compared to?

A

Another 155 adopted children with non schizophrenic biological parents

20
Q

(Genes) Tienari found how many children with a biological mother with schizophrenia developed it?

A

10.3%

21
Q

(Genes) Tienari found how many children without a biological parent with schizophrenia developed it?

A

1.1%

22
Q

(Genes) what research has been disappointing?

A

Research looking into one or two genes

23
Q

(Genes) a group reported how many genetic loci associated with schizophrenia?

A

108

24
Q

(Genes)it is too simplistic to say what?

A

Schizophrenia is caused by a single gene

25
Q

(Measuring metabolites) what do we use metabolites to measure and why?

A

Neurotransmitter levels

They are the breakdown products of neurotransmitters

26
Q

(Measuring metabolites) what is dopamine metabolised into?

A

HVA

27
Q

(Measuring metabolites) where can HVA be measured?

A

Cerebral spinal fluid

By a lumbar puncture

28
Q

(Measuring metabolites) you would predict patients with positive symptoms would have what levels of HVA and why?

A

High

Due to high levels of dopamine

29
Q

(Measuring metabolites) in patients with negative symptoms you would expect what?

A

Low levels of HVA

30
Q

(Measuring metabolites) what is found in a lot of research?

A

High levels of HVA with positive and low with negative

31
Q

(Measuring metabolites) why is their lack of research?

A

Due to invasive and unpleasant nature of lumbar puncture

32
Q

(Measuring metabolites) what can a lumbar puncture be influenced by?

A

Diet and drugs can affect HVA levels

Individual differences in metabolism

33
Q

(Serotonin) what does atypical medication block?

A

Both dopamine and serotonin receptors

34
Q

(Serotonin) the blocking of serotonin receptors suggests what?

A

Serotonin plays a role in schizophrenia

35
Q

(Serotonin) we can not say dopamine is solely responsible for what?

A

Schizophrenia

36
Q

(Serotonin) it could be positive symptoms are caused by dopamine and negative?

A

serotonin explaining the crossover with depression

37
Q

(Cause or effect) the dopamine hypothesis proposed what?

A

Dopamine imbalance causes schizophrenia

38
Q

(Cause or effect) it could be schizophrenia does what?

A

Causes dopamine imbalances (they are a symptom)

39
Q

(Cause or effect) what is research using PET scans not able to detect?

A

Differences in dopamine activity in brains of those with and without schizophrenia

40
Q

(Cause or effect)it may take time before we know what?

A

Cause or effect

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