3.2 nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

structure of neurons

A
  • soma
  • dendrites
  • axon
  • myelin sheath
  • axon terminals
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2
Q

neurons job is to fire or not to fire

A

-firing decreses the chance the adjacent neurons will fire

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3
Q

soma

A

cell body

houses cell nuceleus

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4
Q

neurons receive messages from other neurons

A

dendrites

-tiny branches projecting from cell body

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5
Q

as dendrites recieve messages

A

they send them to the rest of the cells which travel to the base of the cell body called axon hillock with enough stimulation chemical reactions happen here and flows through the rest of the neuron to the axon

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6
Q

axon

A

when the chemical reaction reaches the end of the axon they reach the axon terminals which are little bulbs filled with molecules called neurotransmitters, activity reaching the axon terminals will stimulate the release of neurotransmitters which react with the dendrites of other neurons

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7
Q

diff types of neurons

A

motor- send messages from brain down spinal cord to limbs to muscles
sensory-receive neurons from the senses, and deliver messages to the brain for farther processing, pressure signals, or pain

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8
Q

glial cells

A

responsible for maintenance activities
-ex activating immune response, facilitate neurons
10* the amount of neurons
-to coat neurons that are responsible for sending rapid messages throughout the brain
-they coat the axon in myelin (insulates axons so that the activity travels much faster)

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9
Q

M S

A

is a debilitating neurological disorder that produces a range of symptoms
-happens because of lack of myelin

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10
Q

neural firing

A
  • resting potential (not firing) (-vely charged)
  • positively charged ions rush into the cell during an action potential
  • after the nerve has fired, the positively charged ions are pumped back out of the cell
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11
Q

electrostatic gradient

A

the inside and outside of the neuron have different charges

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12
Q

concentration gradient

A

there are different types of ions dominating the inside vs.outside of the neuron
-thee imbalances keep the neuron in a state of tension

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13
Q

when stimulated, a neuron…

A

ion channels open and positive ions rush in and may result in the neuron firing
AKA as generating an action potential

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14
Q

back to resting potential the +ve ions are pumped out

A

hyper polarization occurs and the neuron is more negatively charged than before the action potential
-this means that the neuron is briefly unable to fire, which is a phase called, the refractory period

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15
Q

once the action potential reaches an axon terminal is stimulates a release of neural transmitters into a gap b/w the axon terminal and of the firing neuron and the dendrite of an adjacent neuron

A

gap is called the synapse
presynaptic sends the message
post synaptic receives messages

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16
Q

postsynapitic cell has special receptors for

A

receiving neurons

17
Q

excitatory neurotransmitters

A

increase the chance that the postsynaptic neuron will fire by causing the charge inside the neuron to be less negative

18
Q

inhibitory neurotransmitters

A

decrease the chance that the postsynaptic neuron will fire by causing the charge inside the neuron to be more negative

19
Q

all or non principle

A

a neuron either generates an action potential or doesn’t generate one, but the magnitude of the action potential is the same every time

20
Q

a neuron can represent higher intensity stimulation by firing more…

A

frequently over time rather than how strongly they fire each time

21
Q

synaptic cleft

A

reuptake

neurotransmitters get reabsorbed into the axon terminal

22
Q

common neurotransmitters

A

glutamate-responsible for brain functions (excitatory)
GABA-inhibitory for sleep, reducing arousal
acetylcholine-control voluntary movement

23
Q

drug effects on neural activity

A

agonist-stimulate receptor sites for a particular neurotransmittor
-increase stimulation for post synaptic neurons
- bind to receptor
antagonist-block receptor
-prevent production
(look up direct and indirect)

24
Q

the endocrine system

A

hormones are secreted from structures called endocrine glands and enter the blood stream
-delivers hormones to modify physiological processes and maintaining body homeostasis

25
Q

hypthatlamus is the control system in the endocrine system

A

brain structure that delivers messages about out biological needs to the pituitary gland

26
Q

pituitary gland

A

brain structure that releases hormones and stimulates the production of hormones by the other glands that form the endocrine system

27
Q

arousal glands

A

stimulates the production of hormones, such as cortisol and epinephrin,that generate arousal responses

28
Q

pituitary glands also release endorphins

A

stimulate pleasure centers in the brain and inhibit signals of pain and displeasure

29
Q

central nervous system

A

brain

spinal cord

30
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

somatic nervous stystem

autonomic nervous system

31
Q

somatic nervous system

A

consists of nerves that control the muscles and others that receive signals from sensory organs

32
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

consists of the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic nervous system

33
Q

sympathetic nervous system

A

generates heightened arousal to prepare the body to respond to threats

34
Q

parasympathetic nervous stystem

A

maintains balance in body systems when there is no need to respond to a threat and suppresses arousal responses after a state of heightened arousal

35
Q

cells that form structure of brains

A

thoughts actions and feelings and life sustaining functions rely on the function of neurons