3.2: Harry Harlow (1959) - Even baby monkeys need comfort more than food Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 3.2: Harry Harlow (1959) - Even baby monkeys need comfort more than food Deck (49)
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1
Q

What was the aim of Harlow’s study of attachment?

A
The aim of Harlow's study of attachment was to investigate whether:
1. Food
Or,
2. Comfort
was more important in forming a bond
2
Q

What was the method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment?

A

The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed:

  1. A harsh ‘wire mother’
  2. A soft ‘towelling mother’
3
Q

The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed - A harsh ‘wire mother’ and a soft ‘towelling mother.’
How many baby monkeys were used?

A

16 baby monkeys were used

4
Q

The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed - A harsh ‘wire mother’ and a soft ‘towelling mother.’
16 baby monkeys were used, how?

A

16 baby monkeys were used, 4 in each of 4 conditions:

  1. A cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a towelling mother producing no milk
  2. A cage containing a wire mother producing no milk and a towelling mother producing milk
  3. A cage containing a wire mother producing milk
  4. A cage containing a towelling mother producing milk
5
Q

The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed - A harsh ‘wire mother’ and a soft ‘towelling mother.’
16 baby monkeys were used, 4 in each of 4 conditions - A cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a towelling mother producing no milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing no milk and a towelling mother producing milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a cage containing a towelling mother producing milk.
What was recorded?

A
  1. The amount of time spent with each mother
    ,as well as
  2. Feeding time
    ,was recorded
6
Q

The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed - A harsh ‘wire mother’ and a soft ‘towelling mother.’
16 baby monkeys were used, 4 in each of 4 conditions - A cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a towelling mother producing no milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing no milk and a towelling mother producing milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a cage containing a towelling mother producing milk.
The amount of time spent with each mother, as well as feeding time, was recorded.
What happened to test for mother preference during stress?

A

The monkeys were frightened with a loud noise to test for mother preference during stress

7
Q

The method and procedure of Harlow’s study of attachment was that 2 types of surrogate mother were constructed - A harsh ‘wire mother’ and a soft ‘towelling mother.’
16 baby monkeys were used, 4 in each of 4 conditions - A cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a towelling mother producing no milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing no milk and a towelling mother producing milk, a cage containing a wire mother producing milk and a cage containing a towelling mother producing milk.
The amount of time spent with each mother, as well as feeding time, was recorded.
The monkeys were frightened with a loud noise to test for mother preference during stress.
A larger cage was also used to do what?

A

A larger cage was also used to test the monkeys’ degree of exploration

8
Q

What are the findings of Harlow’s study of attachment?

A

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother

9
Q

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of what?

A

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk

10
Q

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even did what, while still clinging to the towelling mother?

A

They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother

11
Q

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. What did monkeys with only a wire surrogate have?

A

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea

12
Q

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of what?

A

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of stress

13
Q

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of stress.
3. When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was what?

A

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was available

14
Q

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of stress.
3. When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she did what?

A

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that when frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk

15
Q

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of stress.
3. When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.
What does this show?

A

This shows that ‘contact comfort’ was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour

16
Q

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:
1. When given a choice of surrogate mothers, the monkeys preferred contact with the towelling mother, regardless of whether she produced milk.
They even stretched across to the wire mother to feed while still clinging to the towelling mother.
2. Monkeys with only a wire surrogate had diarrhoea, a sign of stress.
3. When frightened by a loud noise, monkeys clung to the towelling mother in conditions where she was available, regardless of if she dispensed milk.
This shows that ‘contact comfort’ was of more importance to the monkeys than food when it came to attachment behaviour.
4. In the larger cage conditions, what did the monkeys with towelling mothers do?

A

The findings of Harlow’s study of attachment are that in the larger cage conditions, the monkeys with towelling mothers:

  1. Explored more
  2. Visited their surrogate mother more often
17
Q

What are the conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment?

A

The conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment are that Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort

18
Q

The conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment are that Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort, suggesting what?

A

The conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment are that Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort, suggesting that attachment concerns:
1. Emotional security
more than
2. Food

19
Q

The conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:

  1. Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort, suggesting that attachment concerns emotional security more than food.
  2. What is contact comfort associated with?
A

Contact comfort is associated with:

  1. Lower levels of stress
  2. A willingness to explore
20
Q

The conclusions of Harlow’s study of attachment are that:

  1. Rhesus monkeys have an innate, unlearned need for contact comfort, suggesting that attachment concerns emotional security more than food.
  2. Contact comfort is associated with lower levels of stress and a willingness to explore, indicating what?
A

Contact comfort is associated with:
1. Lower levels of stress
2. A willingness to explore
,indicating emotional security

21
Q

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been what into adulthood?

A

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood

22
Q

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see what?

A

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect

23
Q

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
What did Harlow find?

A

Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional

24
Q

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with what did not develop normal social behaviour?

A

Harlow found that:
1. The monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional
,however
2. Even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour

25
Q

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour.
They were what than other monkeys?

A

They were:
1. More aggressive
2. Less sociable
than other monkeys

26
Q

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour.
They were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and they did what than is typical for monkeys?

A

They:

  1. Were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys
  2. Bred less often than is typical for monkeys
27
Q

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour.
They were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and they bred less often than is typical for monkeys, being what?

A

They:

  1. Were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys
  2. Bred less often than is typical for monkeys, being unskilled at mating
28
Q

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour.
They were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and they bred less often than is typical for monkeys, being unskilled at mating.
As mothers, what did some of the deprived monkeys do?

A

As mothers, some of the deprived monkeys neglected their young

29
Q

Harlow also followed up the monkeys who had been deprived of a real mother into adulthood to see if early maternal deprivation had a permanent effect.
Harlow found that the monkeys reared with only a wire mother were the most dysfunctional, however even those reared with a soft toy as a substitute did not develop normal social behaviour.
They were more aggressive and less sociable than other monkeys and they bred less often than is typical for monkeys, being unskilled at mating.
As mothers, some of the deprived monkeys neglected their young and others did what, even doing what in some cases?

A

As mothers:

  1. Some of the deprived monkeys neglected their young
  2. Others attacked their children, even killing them in some cases
30
Q

What is the evaluation of Harlow’s study of attachment?

A

The evaluation of Harlow’s study of attachment is that interestingly, over time, Harlow publicly distanced himself from the work of:

  1. Bowlby
  2. Ainsworth
31
Q

The evaluation of Harlow’s study of attachment is that interestingly, over time, Harlow publicly distanced himself from the work of Bowlby and Ainsworth, as well as what?

A

The evaluation of Harlow’s study of attachment is that interestingly, over time, Harlow publicly distanced himself from
1. The work of Bowlby and Ainsworth
,as well as
2. Lorenz’s views on imprinting

32
Q

The evaluation of Harlow’s study of attachment is that interestingly, over time, Harlow publicly distanced himself from the work of Bowlby and Ainsworth, as well as Lorenz’s views on imprinting.
What did Harlow especially not believe?

A

Harlow especially did not believe that his work supported Bowlby’s belief of a child’s innate need for mother love

33
Q

AO3:

A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, why?

A

A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, because it uses monkeys

34
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, because it uses monkeys, that are not what?

A

A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, because it uses monkeys, that are not representative of humans

35
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, because it uses monkeys, that are not representative of humans.
What might be different?

A

The attachment with humans might be different

36
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that it lacks generalisability, because it uses monkeys, that are not representative of humans.
The attachment with humans might be different.
Therefore, we shouldn’t do what?

A

Therefore, we shouldn’t generalise findings onto human attachment

37
Q

AO3:

A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving what?

A

A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving:

  1. The separation of baby monkeys
  2. The stress caused to them
38
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against what)?

A

The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm)

39
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, why?

A

The baby monkeys:
1. Suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm)
,but they also
2. Suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood

40
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
Example

A

For example:

  1. The monkeys showed aggressive behaviour
  2. Some monkeys even killed their babies
41
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
For example, the monkeys showed aggressive behaviour and some monkeys even killed their babies.
However, monkeys could be considered what to generalise the results to us?

A

Monkeys could be considered similar enough to humans to generalise the results to us

42
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
For example, the monkeys showed aggressive behaviour and some monkeys even killed their babies.
However, monkeys could be considered similar enough to humans to generalise the results to us.
What does this therefore do?

A

This therefore justifies the ‘cost’

43
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
For example, the monkeys showed aggressive behaviour and some monkeys even killed their babies.
However, monkeys could be considered similar enough to humans to generalise the results to us.
This therefore justifies the ‘cost,’ why?

A

This therefore justifies the ‘cost,’ because we have learnt a lot about attachment from it

44
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
For example, the monkeys showed aggressive behaviour and some monkeys even killed their babies.
However, monkeys could be considered similar enough to humans to generalise the results to us.
This therefore justifies the ‘cost,’ because we have learnt a lot about attachment from it.
Example

A

For example, comfort is:

  1. Key
  2. Very important for individuals
45
Q

AO3:
A weakness of Harlow’s study of attachment is that there are ethical issues involving the separation of baby monkeys and the stress caused to them.
The baby monkeys suffered greatly, because separating them from their mothers causes stress (which goes against the ethical guideline of protection from harm), but they also suffered long-term harm, because the effects carried on into their adulthood.
For example, the monkeys showed aggressive behaviour and some monkeys even killed their babies.
However, monkeys could be considered similar enough to humans to generalise the results to us.
This therefore justifies the ‘cost,’ because we have learnt a lot about attachment from it.
For example, comfort is key and very important for individuals.
How did this help in improving care for humans?

A

This helped in improving care for humans, because it helped with raising children

46
Q

AO3:

A strength of Harlow’s study of attachment is what use in zoos?

A

A strength of Harlow’s study of attachment is practical use in zoos

47
Q

AO3:
A strength of Harlow’s study of attachment is practical use in zoos.
How can the study be applied to real life situations?

A

The study can be applied to real life situations, because of the importance in the care of captive monkeys

48
Q

AO3:
A strength of Harlow’s study of attachment is practical use in zoos.
The study can be applied to real life situations, because of the importance in the care of captive monkeys.
What do we now understand?

A

We now understand the importance of proper attachment figures for baby monkeys

49
Q

AO3:
A strength of Harlow’s study of attachment is practical use in zoos.
The study can be applied to real life situations, because of the importance in the care of captive monkeys.
We now understand the importance of proper attachment figures for baby monkeys, therefore what can we now do?

A

We now understand the importance of proper attachment figures for baby monkeys, therefore we can care more appropriately for them in zoos

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