What are the conditions when making a poly(alkene) from an alkene?
- High pressure
- Catalyst
What are the conditions when making a dihalogenoalkane from an alkene?
Room temperature
What are the conditions when making a diol from a dihalogenoalkane?
Heat under reflux
What are the reagents when making a dihalogenoalkane from an alkene?
Br2
Cl2
What are the reagents when making a diol from a dihalogenoalkane?
KOH aqueous
What is the mechanism when making a dihalogenoalkane from an alkene?
Electrophilic addition
What is the mechanism when making a diol from a dihalogenoalkane?
Nucleophilic substitution
What are the reagents when making a halogenoalkane from an alkene?
HBr
HCl
What are the conditions when making a halogenoalkane from an alkene?
Room temperature
What is the mechanism when making a halogenoalkane from an alkene?
Electrophilic addition
What are the reagents when making a halogenoalkane from an alkane?
Br2
Cl2
What are the conditions when making a halogenoalkane from an alkane?
UV light
What is the mechanism when making a halogenoalkane from an alkane?
Free radical substitution
What are the reagents when making an alkene from a halogenoalkane?
KOH alcoholic
What are the conditions when making an alkene from a halogenoalkane?
Heat under reflux
What is the mechanism when making an alkene from a halogenoalkane?
Elimination
What are the reagents when making an alcohol from a halogenoalkane?
KOH aqueous
What are the conditions when making an alcohol from a halogenoalkane?
Heat under reflux
What is the mechanism when making an alcohol from a halogenoalkane?
Nucleophilic substitution
What are the reagents when making an alkene from an alcohol?
Conc. H2SO4
Con H3PO4
What is the mechanism when making an alkene from an alcohol?
Elimination, dehydration
What are the reagents when making an alcohol from an alkene?
Step 1 - H2SO4
Step 2 - H2O
What is the mechanism when making an alcohol from an alkene?
Step 1 - Electrophilic addition
Step 2 - Hydrolysis
What are the conditions when making an alcohol from an alkene?
Step 2 - warm
What are the reagents when making an alcohol from an aldehyde?
NaBH4
What is the mechanism when making an alcohol from an aldehyde?
Reduction, Nucleophilic substitution
What are the reagents when making an aldehyde from a primary alcohol?
Na2Cr2O7/H+
What are the conditions when making an aldehyde from a primary alcohol?
Heat and distill
What is the mechanism when making an aldehyde from a primary alcohol?
Partial oxidation
What are the reagents when making a ketone from a secondary alcohol?
NaCr2O7/H+
What are the condtions when making a ketone from a secondary alcohol?
Heat
What is the mechanism when making a ketone from a secondary alcohol?
Oxidation
What are the reagents when making an alcohol from a ketone?
NaBH4
What is the mechanism when making an alcohol from a ketone?
Reduction, Nucleophilic addition
What are the reagents when making a hydroxynitrile from an aldehyde?
NaCN + H2SO4
What is the mechanism when making a hydroxynitrile from an aldehyde?
Nucleophilic addition
What are the reagents when making a hydroxynitrile from a ketone?
NaCN + H2SO4
What is the mechanism when making a hydroxynitrile from a ketone?
Nucleophilic addition
What are the reagents when making a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?
(if primary) Na2Cr2O7/H+
What are the conditions when making a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?
Heat under reflux + excess oxidising agent
What is the mechanism when making a carboxylic acid from an aldehyde?
Oxidation
What are the reagents when making an ester from a carboxylic acid?
Alcohol +. H2SO4
What are the conditions when making an ester from a carboxylic acid?
Heat
What is the mechanism when making an ester from a carboxylic acid?
Esterification
What are the reagents when making a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
H2O
What are the conditions when making a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
Room temperature
What is the mechanism when making a carboxylic acid from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
Nucleophilic addition / elimination
What are the reagents when making an ester from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
Alcohol
What are the conditions when making an ester from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
Room temperature
What is the mechanism when making an ester from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
Nucleophilic addition / elimination
What are the reagents when making a primary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
NH3
What are the conditions when making a primary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
Room temperature
What is the mechanism when making a primary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
Nucleophilic addition/elimination
What are the reagents when making a secondary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
1º amine
What are the conditions when making a secondary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
Room temperature
What is the mechanism when making a secondary amide from an acyl chloride / acid anhydride?
Nucleophilic addition/elimination
What are the reagents when making an ester from an alcohol?
Carboxylic acid + H2SO4
What are the conditions when making an ester from an alcohol?
Heat
What is the mechanism when making an ester from an alcohol?
Esterification
What are the reagents when making a secondary amide from a 1º amine?
Acyl chloride
What are the conditions when making a secondary amide from a 1º amine?
Room temperature
What is the mechanism when making a secondary amide from a 1º amine?
Nucleophilic addition/elimination
What are the reagents when making a 2º amine, 3º amine, quaternary amine from a 1º amine?
Halogenoalkane
What is the mechanism when making a 2º amine, 3º amine, quaternary amine from a 1º amine?
Nucleophilic substitution
What are the reagents when making a 1º amine from a nitrile?
LiAlH4
What is the mechanism when making a 1º amine from a nitrile?
Reduction
What are the reagents when making a 1º amine from a halogenoalkane?
Alcoholic NH3
What are the conditions when making a 1º amine from a halogenoalkane?
Heat under pressure
What is the mechanism when making a 1º amine from a halogenoalkane?
Nucleophilic substitution
What are the reagents when making a nitrile from a halogenoalkane?
KCN in ethanol/ water mixture
What are the conditions when making a nitrile from a halogenoalkane?
Heat under reflux
What is the mechanism when making a nitrile from a halogenoalkane?
Nucleophilic substitution
What are the reagents when making benzene-NO2 from benzene?
Conc nitric acid + conc sulphuric acid
What is the mechanism when making benzene-NO2 from benzene?
Electrophilic substitution
What are the reagents when making benzene-NH2 from benzene-NO2?
Sn and HCl
What is the mechanism when making benzene-NH2 from benzene-NO2?
Reduction
What are the reagents when making benzene-NH-CH3 from benzenes-NH2
CH3Cl
What is the mechanism when making benzene-NH-CH3 from benzenes-NH2
Nucleophilic substitution
What are the reagents when making benzene-NH-CO-CH3 from benzenes-NH2?
CH3COCl
What is the mechanism when making benzene-NH-CO-CH3 from benzenes-NH2?
Nucleophilic addition-elimination
What are the reagents when making benzene-CO-CH3 from benzene?
Acyl chloride in the presence of an anhydrous aliminium chloride catalyst.
What is the mechanism when making benzene-CO-CH3 from benzene?
Electrophilic substitution
What are the reagents when making benzene-C(OH)(CN)CH3 from benzene-CO-CH3?
NaCN + H2SO4
What is the mechanism when making benzene-C(OH)(CN)CH3 from benzene-CO-CH3?
Nucleophilic addition
What are the reagents when making benzene-C(OH)(CH3)(CH2-NH2) from benzene-C(OH)(CN)CH3?
LiAlH4
What is the mechanism when making benzene-C(OH)(CH3)(CH2-NH2) from benzene-C(OH)(CN)CH3?
Reduction
What are the reagents when making benzene-CH(OH)Ch3 from benzene-CO-CH3?
NaBH4
What is the mechanism when making benzene-CH(OH)CH3 from benzene-CO-CH3?
Reduction, Nucleophilic addition
What are the reagents when making benzene-CH(CH3)(O-CO-CH3) from benzene-CH(OH)CH3?
CH3CO2H + H2SO4
What are the conditions when making benzene-CH(CH3)(O-CO-CH3) from benzene-CH(OH)CH3?
Heat
What is the mechanism when making benzene-CH(CH3)(O-CO-CH3) from benzene-CH(OH)CH3?
Esterification
Why are the use of solvents generally avoided?
(see page 2 in the chemrevise revision guide)
What is distillation used for?
In general used as a separation technique to separate an organic product from its reacting mixture. Need to collect the distillate of the approximate boiling point range of the desired liquid.
Using distillation for the reaction of a primary alcohol -> aldehyde:
What are the reagents?
What are the conditions?
What are the observations?
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
Draw and label a diagram of distillation apparatus.
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
What is reflux used for?
Reflux is used when eating organic reaction mixture for long periods. The condenser prevents organic vapours from escaping by condensing them back to liquids.
Why should you never seal the end of the condenser in a reflux apparatus?
As the build up of gas pressure could cause the apparatus to explode. This is true of any apparatus were volatile liquids are heated.
Using reflux for the reaction of a primary alcohol -> carboxylic acid:
What are the reagents?
What are the conditions?
What are the observations?
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
Draw and label a diagram of reflux apparatus.
(see page 3 in the chemrevise revision guide)
Why are anti-bumping granules added to both distillation and reflux apparatus?
To prevent vigorous, uneven boiling by making small bubbles form instead or large bubbles.
Why are electric heaters often used to heat organic chemicals?
Organic chemicals are normally highly flammable and could set on fire with a naked flame.
Describe the method for fractional distillation in the lab.
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
Draw and label the apparatus for fractional distillation in the lab.
(see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide)
How can we measure boiling point?
Distillation, used to determine the purity of a liquid.
see page 4 in the chemrevise revision guide
What is fractional distillation used for?
Fractional distillation is used to separate liquids with different boiling points.
Identify the general method for how you would purify an organic liquid using a separating funnel.
(see page 5 in the chemrevise revision guide)