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Flashcards in 301: Chemical principles for pharmacy technicians Deck (37)
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1
Q

What is the definition of matter?

A

Matter is anything with mass that occupies a space.

2
Q

What is the atomic number?

A

The atomic number is the number of protons

3
Q

What is the mass number?

A

The mass number is the number of protons and neutrons

4
Q

What is the mass of a neutron?

A

The mass of a neutron is 1.

5
Q

What are transition metals usually used for?

A

Transition metals are usually used as catalysts in reactions and are usually colourful compounds.

6
Q

Atoms of different elements have different numbers of what?

A

Atoms of different elements have different numbers of protons in the nucleus, this is called the atomic number.

7
Q

How many electrons are held in the first shell?

A

The first shell holds 2 electrons

8
Q

How many electrons are held in the second shell?

A

8 electrons are held in the second shell

9
Q

How many electrons are held in the third electron shell?

A

18 electrons are held in the third electron shell

10
Q

How many electrons are held in the fourth electron shell?

A

32 electrons are held in the fourth electron shell

11
Q

What are ions?

A

Ions are atoms or molecules with charge.

12
Q

What is the electron configuration defined as?

A

The electron configuration is defined as the arrangement and distribution of electrons in atomic orbitals.

13
Q

What is responsible for the chemical properties of an element?

A

The number of electrons in the outer shell are responsible for the chemical properties of that element. (ie the group it is in).

14
Q

What is the trend down the group in metallic elements?

A

In METALLIC elements the elements get more reactive down the group.
Their melting and boiling points increase.

15
Q

What is the reaction trend with non-metallic elements?

A

Non-metallic elements are more reactive up the group.

16
Q

What trends are there from left to right across periods?

A
  • metallic solid ➡️ metalloid/non-, metal solid ➡️ non-metal gas
  • good electrical conductivity ➡️ poor electrical conductivity
  • ionisation energies increase from left to right
17
Q

What are intermolecular bonds?

A
  • covalent
  • ionic
  • metallic
18
Q

What are intramolecular bonds?

A
  • hydrogen

* van der waals

19
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

A covalent bond is characterised by the sharing of electrons between atoms

20
Q

What types of covalent molecules are there?

A

Covalent molecules are either simple or macromolecular (giant) structure.

21
Q

What is a polar covalent bond?

A

Polar covalent bonds occur when one of the atoms is more electronegative so has a greater attraction for the shared pair of electrons in the covalent bond.
Results in a shift of electron density to the more electronegative atom.
Creates a slightly positive and slightly negative dipole.

22
Q

What is electronegativity defined as?

A

Electronegativity is defined as the force of attraction for the shared pair of electrons in a covalent bond.

23
Q

What is electronegativity measured on?

A

Electronegativity is measured on the Pauling scale.

24
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

An ionic bond is the electrostatic attraction between oppositely charged ions

25
Q

What is a hydrogen bond?

A

A hydrogen bond resulted from a dipole - dipole force between an electronegative atom and a hydrogen bonded to nitrogen, oxygen or fluorine

26
Q

How are metallic bonds arranged?

A

Rows of metallic cations in a sea of delocalised electrons

27
Q

What are van der Waals forces also known as?

A
  • instantaneous dipole-dipole interactions

* induced dipole

28
Q

What are van der Waals forces?

A

Formed from the electrostatic charge in adjacent atoms.
It is present in long-chain molecules in polymers bonding the chains together.
When stretched the bonds break easily causing the material to deform.

29
Q

What are isomers?

A

Isomers are two molecules with the same atoms joined together in a different shape.

30
Q

What affects the rate of reaction?

A
  • catalyst
  • heat
  • pressure
  • surface area
31
Q

What happens when the rate of reaction is increased?

A

Increased velocity

Increased collisions

Increased reaction rate

Get past activation energy

32
Q

What is the speed of reaction reliant on?

A

The speed of a reaction is determined by the slowest step, the rate determining step.

33
Q

What is a homologous series?

A

A homologous series are a family or series of similar compounds with the same functional group.

34
Q

What is the suffix on esters?

A

Esters have the suffix - oate

35
Q

What is the general formula of alkanes?

A

CnH2n+2

36
Q

Which has more van der waals forces, straight or branched chains?

A

Straight chains have more vdws which means they have higher boiling points

37
Q

What are some observations you might see if a chemical reaction occurs?

A

If a chemical reaction occurs you might see:

  • colour change
  • gas released
  • temperature changed
  • a solid is formed