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Repro > 25 - Introduction to STIs > Flashcards

25 - Introduction to STIs Flashcards

1
Q

name 3 venereal diseases in UK?

A

syphilis

gonorrhoea

chancroid

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2
Q

what organism causes syphilis?

A

treponema pallidum pallidum

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3
Q

what organism causes gonorrhoea?

A

neisseria gonorhoeae

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4
Q

what organism causes chancroid?

A

haemophilus ducreyi

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5
Q

name 3 bacterial STIs in the UK?

A

chlamydia trachomatis

klebsiella granulomatis

mycoplasma genitalium

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6
Q

name 3 viral STIs in the UK?

A

HSV

HIV

HPV

Molluscum Contagiosum

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7
Q

name 3 parasitic STIs in the UK?

A

Pthirus pubis

Sarcoptes scabei

Trichomonas vaginalis

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8
Q

define Commensal micro-organism?

A

micro-organism that derives food or other benefits from another organism without hurting or helping it

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9
Q

define Pathogen?

A

micro-organism that can cause disease

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10
Q

define Infection?

A

The invasion of all or part of the body by a micro-organism

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11
Q

define Sexually transmissible organism?

A

A virus, bacteria, protozoan, insect or arthropod which can be spread by sexual contact

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12
Q

define Sexually transmitted infection (STI)?

A

infection by a pathogen which is sexually transmissible and which is unlikely to be transmitted by non-sexual means

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13
Q

define Sexually transmitted disease (STD)?

A

disorder of structure or function caused by a sexually transmitted pathogen

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14
Q

name 4 diseases which are not classed as STI in UK but may be considered as such elsewhere?

A

Mycoplasma hominis

Ureaplasma urealyticum

Bacterial vaginosis

Genital candidosis

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15
Q

name 2 STI pathogens which are not classed as STI in UK but may be considered as such elsewhere?

A

Sars-Cov-2

Zika

Ebola

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16
Q

what does the type of STI contracted depend on?

A

the level of sexual contact

17
Q

list the following from lowest risk of catching STI to highest -

group sex

fellatio

anal sex

mutual masturbation

cunnilingus

vaginal sex

A

LOW RISK

mutual masturbation

fellatio

cunnilingus

vaginal sex

anal sex

group sex

HIGH RISK

18
Q

describe 4 STIs transmitted by skin only contact?

A

pubic lice (Pthirus pubis)

Scabies (Sarcoptes scabeii)

Warts (human papilloma virus types 6 &11)

Herpes (Herpes Simplex Virus types 1 & 2)

19
Q

name an STI which poses a high risk of transmission during group sex?

A

Hep C

20
Q

name 5 reasons which highlight the importance of STIs?

A

cause morbidity

cause mortality

unpleasant symptoms

psychological distress

very costly and time-consuming to treat

21
Q

name 5 systemic symptoms related to STIs?

A

Fever

Rash

Lymphadenopathy

Malaise

Arthralgia and arthritis

22
Q

give an example of a late complication if chlamydia is left untreated?

A

infertility in females

23
Q

give an example of a late complication if HPV is left untreated?

A

cervical cancer

24
Q

give an example of a late complication if syphilis is left untreated?

A

adverse pregnancy outcomes

25
Q

give 2 possible reasons to why trends in STI diagnoses change over time?

A

1 - true difference in no of cases

2 - change in diagnoses but no real change in difference of no of cases

26
Q

what equation is used for calculating the true difference in the no of cases?

A

R0=BcD

R0 = reproductive number (average number of infections produced)

B = likelihood of transmission per encounter

c = rate of acquiring new partners

D = duration of infectivity

27
Q

describe the results of R0=BcD if R0 > 1 or if R0 < 1?

A

R0 > 1 = epidemic is sustained

R0 < 1 = epidemic reduces

28
Q

what is the best way of ensuring no transmission of HPV? (B)

A

vaccination of unaffected patients

29
Q

describe 5 changes of rate of new partners (c) in current times?

A

increased no of partners

increased no of concurrent partners

increased no of people having anal sex

increased no of men having sex with men

increased condom use

30
Q

describe an example which supports the theory that there is a change in diagnoses but no real change in difference of no of cases for STIs?

A

there is a greater awareness of STIs - therefore more tests being carried out - therefore more cases found

31
Q

describe the theory of cores and assortative mixing in explaining why some STIs are more prevalent in certain groups?

A

cores and assortative mixing - people tend to have sex with people who are similar to them

therefore -

infection is reinforced within a small group

32
Q

describe the theory of chains and random mixing in explaining why some STIs are more prevalent in certain groups?

A

e.g. men who have sex with woman - this is a big core of people

therefore -

spreads more widely but with decreased prevalence

33
Q

describe 4 pillars of taking a good STI history?

A

1 - thorough history

2 - health promotion

3 - partner notification (if STI confirmed)

4 - HIV test (if STI confirmed)

34
Q

describe 3 components of a general history which would be relevant?

A

standard (PMH etc.)

gynae history

direct questions about symptoms

35
Q

give 3 reasons for taking a thorough sexual history?

A

to determine cause of symptoms

to detect high-risk behaviour

tracing contacts

36
Q

6 questions which are important to ask men to determine longer-term sexual risks?

A

Have you ever had sexual contact with another man?

Have you ever injected drugs?

Sexual contact with:
anyone who’s injected drugs/ someone from outside the UK?

Medical treatment outside UK?

Paid for sex or been paid?

37
Q

describe 2 ways of partner notification?

A

Patient tells contacts “client referral”

NHS tells contact “provider referral”

38
Q

if someone has a confirmed case of STI, what should they be tested for?

A

HIV

39
Q

5 examples of health promotion?

A

use of condoms

inform that oral sex also carries a risk of STIs

address hazardous drug/ alcohol use

vaccination

HIV pre-exposure prophylaxis

Repro (28 decks)

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