2.3 Explanation: Why Do People Do What They Do? Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 2.3 Explanation: Why Do People Do What They Do? Deck (24)
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1
Q

What are Variables?

A

A statistic that describes the average difference between the measurements in a frequency distribution and the mean of that distribution.

2
Q

What does “Correlation” mean?

A

Two variables are said to “be correlated” when variations in the value of one variable are synchronized with variations in the value of the other.

3
Q

What’s the “Correlation Coefficient?”

A

A mathematical measure of both the direction and strength of a correlation, which is symbolized by the letter “r”.

4
Q

If “r” = 1, what kind of correlation is it?

A

Perfect positive correlation

5
Q

If “r” = -2.3897, what kind of correlation is it?

A

Negative correlation

6
Q

If “r” = -1, what kind of correlation is it?

A

Perfect negative correlation

7
Q

What’s a Natural Correlation?

A

A correlation observed in the world around us.

8
Q

What’s a “Third-Variable Correlation”?

A

Two variables are correlated only because each is causally related to a third variable

9
Q

A technique whereby the participants in two groups are identical in terms of a third variable.

A

Matched Samples Technique

10
Q

A technique whereby each participant is identical to one other participant in terms of a third variable

A

Matched Pairs Technique

11
Q

What’s the “Third-Variable Problem”?

A

The fact that a causal relationship between two variables cannot be inferred from the naturally occurring correlation between them because of the ever-present possibility of third-variable correlation

12
Q

What’s the solution to a Third-Variable Problem?

A

An Experiment!

13
Q

What are the two key features of Experimentation that help eliminate all the differences between groups?

A

Manipulation

Random Assignment

14
Q

What is “Manipulation”?

A

Changing a variable in order to determine its causal power.

15
Q

What’s a positive correlation?

A

Both variables increase or decrease together

16
Q

What’s a negative correlation?

A

As one variable increases, the other decreases, or vice versa.

17
Q

What is “Self-selection”?

A

A problem that occurs when anything about a participant determines whether he or she will be included in the experimental or control group.

18
Q

What is “Random Assignment”?

A

A procedure that lets chance assign participants to the experimental or the control group.

19
Q

What are Inferential Statistics?

A

They tell scientists what kinds of conclusions or inferences they can draw from observed differences between the experimental and control groups

20
Q

What is “Internal Validity”?

A

An attribute of an experiment that allows it to establish causal relationships.

21
Q

What is External Validity?

A

An attribute of an experiment in which variables have been defined in a normal, typical, or realistic way.

22
Q

What is a “Case Method”?

A

A procedure for gathering scientific information by studying a single individual.

23
Q

How does Random Sampling work?

A

A technique for choosing participants that ensures that everyone in the population has an equal chance of being included in the sample.

24
Q

What’s a Direct Replication?

A

An experiment that uses the same procedures as a previous experiment but with a new sample.

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