2.3: Episodic LTM Flashcards Preview

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Flashcards in 2.3: Episodic LTM Deck (44)
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1
Q

As we have seen, a major limitation of the multi-store model is its description of long-term memory (LTM) as a single, unitary store.
On the basis of hundreds of research studies, psychologists now know that there are potentially many different long-term stores.
The working memory model shows that the MSM is what as an explanation of memory?

A

The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory

2
Q

As we have seen, a major limitation of the multi-store model is its description of long-term memory (LTM) as a single, unitary store.
On the basis of hundreds of research studies, psychologists now know that there are potentially many different long-term stores.
The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with what?

A

The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM

3
Q

The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate what and associated with different what?

A

Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each:

  1. With a separate function
  2. Associated with different brain areas
4
Q

The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate function and associated with different brain areas.
The main sub-division of LTM is into what?

A

The main sub-division of LTM is into:
1. Explicit (declarative)
2. Implicit (non-declarative)
types

5
Q

The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate function and associated with different brain areas.
The main sub-division of LTM is into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) types.
Explicit LTMs are ones what?

A

Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about

6
Q

The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate function and associated with different brain areas.
The main sub-division of LTM is into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) types.
Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about, while implicit LTMs don’t require what to be recalled?

A
  1. Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about
    ,while
  2. Implicit LTMs don’t require conscious thought to be recalled
7
Q

The working memory model shows that the MSM is over-simplified as an explanation of memory, because there is more than one type of STM store and the situation is the same with LTM.
Research indicates the existence of several types of LTM, each with a separate function and associated with different brain areas.
The main sub-division of LTM is into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) types.
Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about, while implicit LTMs don’t require conscious thought to be recalled.
Explicit memories are also often formed from what?

A

Explicit memories are also often formed from several combined memories

8
Q

Who (what year) was one of the cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model’s view of LTM was too what?

A

Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model’s view of LTM was too:

  1. Simplistic
  2. Inflexible
9
Q
Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible.
Tulving proposed that there are in fact what?
A

Tulving proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores -

  1. Episodic memory
  2. Semantic memory
  3. Procedural memory
10
Q
Endel Tulving (1985) was one of the first cognitive psychologists to realise that the multi-store model's view of LTM was too simplistic and inflexible.
Tulving proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores - Episodic memory, semantic memory and procedural memory, containing what?
A

Tulving proposed that there are in fact 3 LTM stores -
1. Episodic memory
2. Semantic memory
3. Procedural memory
,containing quite different types of information

11
Q

Episodic memory (EM)

A

Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events)

12
Q

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals a what record of what?

A

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences

13
Q

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
Examples

A

For example:

  1. The row you had with your friend last week
  2. Your first day at school
  3. Your friend’s wedding
14
Q

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by what?

A

The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded

15
Q

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example what events are often well recalled?

A

The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled

16
Q

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled, due to their what?

A

The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled, due to their high emotional content

17
Q

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled, due to their high emotional content.
The strength of episodic memories is also affected by what?

A

The strength of episodic memories is also affected by the degree of processing of information at coding

18
Q

Episodic LTM is the memory that gives individuals an autobiographical record of personal experiences.
The strength of episodic memories is influenced by emotions present at the time a memory is coded, for example traumatic events are often well recalled, due to their high emotional content.
The strength of episodic memories is also affected by the degree of processing of information at coding, with what events recalled more easily?

A

The strength of episodic memories is also affected by the degree of processing of information at coding, with highly processed episodic events recalled more easily

19
Q

It is thought that episodic memory helps individuals to do what?

A

It is thought that episodic memory helps individuals to distinguish the difference between:

  1. Real events
  2. Imagination/delusions
20
Q

The what brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories?

A

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories

21
Q

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with what associated with the neocortex?

A

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with:
1. Consolidation (strengthening)
2. Storage
of the memories associated with the neocortex

22
Q

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with consolidation (strengthening) and storage of the memories associated with the neocortex.
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different what areas of the brain?

A
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different:
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Olfactory
,ect, areas of the brain
23
Q

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with consolidation (strengthening) and storage of the memories associated with the neocortex.
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory and olfactory, ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together where?

A

Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different:
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Olfactory
,ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus

24
Q

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with consolidation (strengthening) and storage of the memories associated with the neocortex.
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory and olfactory, ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to create what?

A

Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different:
1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Olfactory
,ect, areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to create a memory of an episode

25
Q

The prefrontal cortex brain area is associated with initial coding of episodic memories, with consolidation (strengthening) and storage of the memories associated with the neocortex.
Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory, olfactory, ect areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to create a memory of an episode, rather than remaining a what?

A

Memories of the different parts of an event are located in the different visual, auditory, olfactory, ect areas of the brain, but are connected together in the hippocampus to:
1. Create a memory of an episode
,rather than
2. Remaining a collection of separate memories

26
Q
Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual's life (personal events).
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall what (what) from our lives?
A

Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives

27
Q

Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events).
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives.
This has been likened to a diary, a record of what?

A

This has been likened to a diary, a record of daily happenings

28
Q

Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events).
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives.
Your memory of a single episode will include what?

A

Your memory of a single episode will include several elements

29
Q

Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events).
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives.
Your memory of a single episode will include several elements, such as what?

A

Your memory of a single episode will include several elements, such as:

  1. People
  2. Places
  3. Objects
  4. Behaviours
30
Q

Episodic memory (EM) is a type of LTM for events occurring in an individual’s life (personal events).
Episodic memory refers to our ability to recall events (episodes) from our lives.
Your memory of a single episode will include several elements, such as people, places, objects and behaviours, and all of them are what to produce a what?

A

Your memory of a single episode:

  1. Will include several elements, such as people, places, objects and behaviours
  2. All of them are interwoven to produce a single memory
31
Q

You do have to make a conscious effort to recall episodic memories.
You may be able to do so how?

A

You may be able to do so quickly

32
Q

You do have to make a conscious effort to recall episodic memories.
You may be able to do so quickly, but you are still what, for example?

A

You may be able to do so quickly, but you are still aware that you are searching for your memory of what happened when you went to the dentist, for example

33
Q
The main sub-division of LTM is into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) types.
Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about, while implicit LTMs don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
Explicit memories are also often formed from several combined memories.
The 3 types of LTM are episodic, semantic and procedural LTM.
What type(s) of LTM is/are explicit?
A
  1. Episodic
  2. Semantic
    LTMs are explicit
34
Q
The main sub-division of LTM is into explicit (declarative) and implicit (non-declarative) types.
Explicit LTMs are ones recalled only if consciously thought about, while implicit LTMs don't require conscious thought to be recalled.
Explicit memories are also often formed from several combined memories.
The 3 types of LTM are episodic, semantic and procedural LTM.
What type(s) of LTM is/are implicit?
A

Procedural LTM is implicit

35
Q

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from what?

A

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain

36
Q

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging what?

A

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging:

  1. The hippocampus
  2. Associated areas
37
Q

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas.
Before this infection, Clive was a what musician?

A

Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician

38
Q
Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas.
Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician and he can still do what, but he can't remember what?
A

Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician and he:
1. Can still play the piano brilliantly and conduct a choir
,but
2. Can’t remember his musical education

39
Q

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas.
Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician and he can still play the piano brilliantly and conduct a choir, but he can’t remember his musical education.
He can remember some other aspects of his life, but not others.
Example

A

For example, he knows that he has children from an earlier marriage, but cannot remember their names

40
Q

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas.
Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician and he can still play the piano brilliantly and conduct a choir, but he can’t remember his musical education.
He can remember some other aspects of his life, but not others.
For example, he knows that he has children from an earlier marriage, but cannot remember their names.
Clive recognises who?

A

Clive recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah

41
Q

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas.
Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician and he can still play the piano brilliantly and conduct a choir, but he can’t remember his musical education.
He can remember some other aspects of his life, but not others.
For example, he knows that he has children from an earlier marriage, but cannot remember their names.
Clive recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah, and does what every time they meet?

A

Clive:

  1. Recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah
  2. Greets her joyously every time they meet
42
Q

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas.
Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician and he can still play the piano brilliantly and conduct a choir, but he can’t remember his musical education.
He can remember some other aspects of his life, but not others.
For example, he knows that he has children from an earlier marriage, but cannot remember their names.
Clive recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah, and greets her joyously every time they meet, believing what?

A

Clive:
1. Recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah
2. Greets her joyously every time they meet
,believing that he has not seen her in years

43
Q

Clive Wearing suffers from a severe form of amnesia that resulted from a viral infection that attacked his brain, damaging the hippocampus and associated areas.
Before this infection, Clive was a world-class musician and he can still play the piano brilliantly and conduct a choir, but he can’t remember his musical education.
He can remember some other aspects of his life, but not others.
For example, he knows that he has children from an earlier marriage, but cannot remember their names.
Clive recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah, and greets her joyously every time they meet, believing that he has not seen her in years, even though she what?

A

Clive:
1. Recognises his 2nd wife, Deborah
2. Greets her joyously every time they meet
,believing that he has not seen her in years, even though she may have just left the room for a few minutes

44
Q

Memories from the episodic memory store have to be retrieved how?

A

Memories from the episodic memory store have to be retrieved:

  1. Consciously
  2. With effort

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