2.2 psychological research methods Flashcards

1
Q

naturalistic observations

A

observing participants in real world contexts and taking a record of their behaviour

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2
Q

surveys/ questionnaires

A

involves having individuals provide answers to a series of questions

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3
Q

correlational reseach

A

provides a measure of the degree of association b/w two variables

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4
Q

positive correlations

A

when higher values on one variable tend to co-occur with higher values on another

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5
Q

negative correlation

A

when higher values on one variable tend to co-occur with lower values on another

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6
Q

positive correlations generate correlation co-efficients between

A

0 and +1

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7
Q

negative correlations generate correlation co-efficients between

A

0 and -1

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8
Q

strong correlations between variables (+ive or -ive) do not mean that there is a ________ ____________ b/w the two variables

A

causal relationship

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9
Q

causal direction problem

A

ex. if curly hair were positively correlated with more fun, we wouldn’t know whether :
1. curly hair causes more fun
2. having fun makes hair curly

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10
Q

third variable problem

A

maybe some other variable causes both curlier hair and a greater sense of fun, ex genes / pills

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11
Q

experiments

A

are uniquely designed to provide answers about the causal relationship b/w variables
-they allow this because they involve manipulation of one or more variables

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12
Q

random assignment to experimental conditions

A

helps to ensure that participants in te two groups are roughly equal on all other important characteristics

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13
Q

confounding variables

A

variables that differ b/w experimental conditions tother than the one that the experimenter seeks to manipulate (bad to have in an experiment)

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14
Q

independent variables

A

the variable or (s) being manipulated in an experiment

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15
Q

dependant variable

A

the variable or (s) being measured in an experiment

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16
Q

experimental condition

A

the one involving some active treatment, such as administration of a drug, providing some other type of therapy or curling their hair

17
Q

control condition

A

the one involving no active treatment, but that is used as a basis for comparison, such as administration of a placebo, giving them some SHAM type of therapy, or playing with their hair without curling it

18
Q

between-subjects design

A

when diff people participate in diff conditions of an experiment

19
Q

within subjects design

A

when the same ppl each participant in all conditions of an experiment

20
Q

statistics

A

descriptive statistics and inferential statistics

21
Q

descriptive statistics

A

used as summarized data

  1. provide measure of frequency (distribution, skewed, non-skewed)
  2. provide measure of central tendency (Mean and median and mode)
  3. provide a measure of variability (standard deviation)
22
Q

inferential statistics

A

used to draw conclusions about the data generated from a research study
statistical hypothesis testing-purpose of inferential statistics
-is used to draw conclusions about the diff they have observed b/w conditions of an experiment or about correlation they have observed b/w two variables

23
Q

mean

A

arithmetic average of a group of scores

24
Q

median

A

the middle highest value in a group of scores

25
Q

mode

A

the most common value in a group of scores

26
Q

standard deviation

A

-the amount that scores in a set that differ from one another
higher SD reflect scores that are more dispersed further away from the mean score

27
Q

inferential statistics to be statistically significant

A

a difference b/w conditions or a correlation b/w variables must be substantially greater than the standard deviation of scores
-the same diff in scores may or may not be statistically significant, depending on the Standard deviation of scores

28
Q

case studies

A

in-depth reports about specific cases