22-3: Accessory Organs Flashcards Preview

A&P 2 - Unit 2 > 22-3: Accessory Organs > Flashcards

Flashcards in 22-3: Accessory Organs Deck (25)
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1
Q

pancreas

A

thin oblong accessory gland that lies deep to the greater curvature of the stomach in the LUQ; is a heterocrine organ (both exocrine and endocrine)

2
Q

islets of langerhans

A

endocrine cells that secrete the hormones insulin and glucagon

3
Q

acinar cells

A

cluster of exocrine cells that secrete a water mixture of digestive enzymes called pancreatic juice

4
Q

main pancreatic duct

A

tube that drains pancreatic juice from acini, and joins with the common bile duct from the liver before emptying into the duodenum

5
Q

pancreatic juice

A
contains:
bicarbonate ions (neutralize stomach acid and raise pH of chyme so intestinal enzymes can function)
pancreatic amylase (starch)
pancreatic lipase (lipids)
trypsin and chymotrypsin (protein - released in inactive form and activated in intestines since pancreas doesn't have a mucus membrane)
6
Q

pancreatic secretion is regulated by ___.

A

the ANS - vagus nerve - and 2 local hormones, secreted depending on what is entering the small intestine

7
Q

The presence of acid chyme in the duodenum causes the intestinal mucosa to secrete the __ ___, which causes ___.

A

hormone secretin directly into the blood; stimulates duct cells in pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice rich in bicarbonate

8
Q

The presence of fats and proteins in the duodenum causes the intestinal mucosa to secrete ____, which causes ___.

A

hormone cholecystokinin; stimulates acinar cells in pancreas to secrete pancreatic juice rich in digestive enzymes

9
Q

liver

A

large accessory organ just inferior to diaphragm and protected almost entirely by rib cage

10
Q

what are the four primary lobes of the liver?

A

right (largest)
left
caudate
quadrate

11
Q

falciform ligament

A

mesentary that separates the right and left lobes and attaches liver to diaphragm

12
Q

What is the digestive function of the liver?

A

produce bile for export to duodenum

13
Q

Where does bile go after it lives the liver?

A

leaves liver through several small ducts that unite to form the large common hepatic duct, which fuses with the cystic duct to form the common bile duct

14
Q

ampulla of Vader

A

bulb where the common bile duct unites with the pancreatic duct, which empties into the duodenum

15
Q

bile

A

an olive green liquid produced by the liver, not a hormone. acts as a fat emulsifier in the small intestine, breaking up fat into tiny particles that are more accessible to lipase

16
Q

What does bile contain?

A

water, cholesterol, bile salts, neutral fats, bile pigments, phospholipids, and electrolytes (eg. bicarbonate)

17
Q

bile salts

A

derived from cholesterol, role is to emulsify fats (not an enzyme). provide a larger surface area for digestive enzymes to work on

18
Q

bile pigments

A

biliruben is a waste product of the breakdown of RBCs; bacteria in the small intestine metabolize this to urobilinogen, giving feces their color

19
Q

when is bile production increased?

A

when GI tract contains chyme rich in fats

20
Q

gall bladder

A

small muscular sac resting in a shallow fossa on the ventral surface of the right lobe of liver

21
Q

What is the function of the gall bladder?

A

stores bile that is not immediately needed for digestion and concentrates it by absorbing some of its water

22
Q

How is bile directed into the gall bladder?

A

when the small intestine is empty, the ampulla of vader closes and bile backs up into the cystic duct into the gall bladder for storage

23
Q

How is bile released from the gall bladder?

A

when chyme high in fats enters the duodenum, the intestinal mucosa secrete the hormone cholecystokinin, which cases the muscular wall of the gall bladder to contract

24
Q

What are the three effects of CCK (cholecystokinin)?

A
  1. contraction of gall bladder when chyme high in fats enters duodenum
  2. stimulates secretion of pancreatic juice, high in digestive enzymes
  3. opens ampulla of vater so bile and pancreatic juice can enter duodenum
25
Q

gall stones

A

too much cholesterol or too few bile salts leads to the formation of these sharp crystals, which obstruct flow of bile from the gall bladder