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A Level Geog: C,T,W+C,En > 2.1.2: The drainage basin as a system > Flashcards

2.1.2: The drainage basin as a system Flashcards

1
Q

Drainage basin

A

Catchment area for precipitation which is drained by a particular stream or river

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2
Q

Drainage basin type of system

A

Open system

Allows energy and matter to be transferred across the border.

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3
Q

Types of precipitation

6

A 
rain
snow
sleet
hail
frost
dew
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4
Q

Which factors of precipitation affect the response of the drainage basin
2

A

duration and intensity

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5
Q

Common type of rainfall in the UK

A

low intensity, long duration

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6
Q

Evapotranspiration

A

The loss of water from a drainage basin into the atmosphere from the leaves of plants and loss from evaporation

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7
Q

Precipitation

A

All forms of moisture that reach the earth’s surface

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8
Q

Vegetation storage

A

This is water taken up by vegetation and it is all the moisture in vegetation in any one time.

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9
Q

Interception store

A

Temporary storage of precipitation on buildings, vegetation and concrete before it reaches the soil or evaporates

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10
Q

Channel storage

A

The water held in a river or stream channel

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11
Q

Channel flow

A

The movement of water within the river channel

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12
Q

Channel flow aka

A

river discharge

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13
Q

Surface storage

A

The total volume of water held on the Earth’s surface in lakes, ponds and puddles

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14
Q

Stem (through) flow

A

Water running down a plant stem or tree trunk

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15
Q

Soil moisture store

A

Moisture stored in the soil

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16
Q

Infiltration

A

The downward movement of water into the soil surface

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17
Q

Percolation

A

The gravity flow of water within the soil

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18
Q

Groundwater storage

A

The storage of water underground in permeable rock strata

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19
Q

Groundwater flow

A

The deeper the movement of water through underlying permeable rock strata below the water table

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20
Q

Transpiration

A

Evaporation from plant leaves

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21
Q

Evaporation

A

The transformation of water droplets into water vapour by heating

22
Q

Through flow

A

The movement of water downslope within the soil layer

23
Q

Baseflow

A

Water that reaches the channel largely through slow throughflow and from permeable rock below the water table

24
Q

Interflow

A

Water flowing downhill through permeable rock above the water table

25
Q

Surface runoff

A

The movement of water over the surface of land, usually when the ground is saturated or frozen or when precipitation is too intense for infiltration to occur.

26
Q

Surface runoff aka

A

overland flow

27
Q

Saturation excess overland flow caused by

A

result of continued rainfall for a long time

28
Q

Infiltration-excess overland flow caused by

A

occurs when rainfall intensity is so great that not all water can infiltrate it

29
Q

What can infiltration-excess overland flow lead to

A

flash floods

30
Q

Tropical rainforest trees effect on drainage basin

A

Enable rainfall to run off quickly by providing unstable surfaces

31
Q

Pluvial flooding

A

Flooding events caused by the collection of large amounts of surface water in urban areas when the ground is ineffective at absorbing water or urban drainage systems are overwhelmed

32
Q

Hygroscopic water

A

This water adhering in thin films by molecular attraction to the surface of soil particles and is a relatively insignificant form of water storage.

33
Q

Capillary water

A

This is water forming thicker films and occupying the smaller spaces in the soil, it is held against the force of gravity by surface tension.

34
Q

Gravitational water

A

The excess water that occupies all large and usually free-draining spaces in the soil and is not permanent.

35
Q

Transitory

A

not permanent

36
Q

Field capacity

A

The total amount of water remaining in a freely drained soil after all gravity water has been drained away following the end of rainfall.

37
Q

Wilting point

A

When there is insufficient soil water to compensate for plant water losses from transpiration.

38
Q

Type of influences on storm hydrographs

2

A

climatic

non-climatic

39
Q

Climatic influences on storm hydrographs

2

A

Rainfall intensity and duration

40
Q

Non-climatic influences on storm hydrographs

5

A 
rock type
slope angle
vegetation
drainage density
soil depth
41
Q

Orographic rainfall

A

When air is forced to rise over a barrier such as a mountain, it cools and condenses forming rain

42
Q

Convectional rainfall

A

Common in tropical areas in the UK during summer, when the land becomes hot, the air above it becomes warmer, expands and rises. As it rises, the air cools and then condenses and rains.

43
Q

Frontal rainfall

A

Occurs when warm air is forced to rise over cold air and it loses its ability to hold water and it rains.

44
Q

3 type of rainfall

A

Orographic rainfall
Frontal rainfall
Convectional rainfall

45
Q

Warm air vs cold air

A

lighter and less dense (warm0

heavier and more dense (cold)

46
Q

Causes of excess runoff generation

4

A

snowmelt
ice ablation
storm activity
monsoon

47
Q

Case study of a drainage basin

A

Colorado river

48
Q

Colorado river location

A

South West USA

starts in Colorado then Utah, Arizona, Nevada, California

49
Q

Lower course of Colorado river location

A

Mexico

50
Q

River regime

A

the annual variations in a river’s discharge

51
Q

Storm hydrograph

A

Shows what happens to a river’s discharge as a result of heavy rainfall

A Level Geog: C,T,W+C,En (36 decks)

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