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Flashcards in 2.1 Tissues Deck (29)
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1
Q

What are the 4 types of tissues?

A

Connective
Nervous
Muscular
Epithelial

2
Q

What are the locations, characteristics and functions of epithelial tissues?

A

Location:
Lines inner and outer body surfaces and body cavities
Forms glands
Characteristics:
dense cells, minimal extracellular matrix
free apical surface (top) to attached basal surface (bottom)
avascular – no blood vessels
sensory innervation
high regeneration
Function
protection, permeability, secretion, and sensation

3
Q

What are the two surfaces of epithelial cells? What attached inferiorly?

A

Apical
Basal
Basement membrane

4
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelium. What is the prime function?

A
single layer of flat cells
Function: diffusion and secretion
lines body cavities (mesothelium)
lines alveoli in the lungs and capillarie
DIFFUSION
5
Q

Describe stratified squamous epithelium. What is the function?

A

many layers of flattened cells
cells at the apical surface are more flattened than basal surface
Function: protect underlying skin from abrasion
Location: skin, mouth, esophagus, rectum, vagina

6
Q

Describe simple cuboidal epithelium.

A

single layer of cube-like cells, central round nucleus
Function: secretion and absorption
Location: ducts of glands, kidney tubules, and covers the ovaries
Secreting and absorbing
Often see microvilli, vesicles for section

7
Q

Describe stratified cuboidal epithelium. Where is it found?

A

two layers of cuboidal cells
more rare
Function: secretion
Location: lines sweat glands

8
Q

Where are simple columnar epithelium found? Function?

A

single layer of tall cells, oval nuclei
often includes goblet cells, which produce mucus
Function: absorption and secretion
Location: lines digestive tract, gallbladder, uterine tubes

9
Q

Where is stratified columnar epithelium found? Function?

A

multiple layers of columns
apical cells are columnar, basal cells underneath vary in size and shape
Function: secretion
Location: large ducts of glands (i.e. salivary glands) RARE

10
Q

Where is pseudo stratified columnar epithelium found? Function?

A

single layer but disorganized, so appears as stratified
some cells are shorter than others, jumbled nuclei
may contain goblet cells and cilia
Function: secretion and propel substances across cell surface
Location: upper respiratory tract, male urethra

11
Q

Where is transitional epithelium found? Function?

A

multiple layers of cuboidal-like stretched to squamous-like
basal cells appear cuboidal, apical cells are dome or balloon shaped
Function: stretches to permit distension of urinary organs
Location: Lines ureters, bladder, and renal pelvis

12
Q

What in an endocrine gland?

A

secrete INTO the tissue layers
release secretions directly into surrounding tissues substance then diffuses into bloodstream
Ductless
Secrete hormones
Examples: thyroid gland, pituitary gland, adrenal glands

13
Q

What is an exocrine gland?

A

secrete OUT of the tissue layers
release secretions out to a body surface or lumen
Duct present
Secrete mucus, oils, other body fluids
examples: Sweat and oil glands, goblet cells

14
Q

Where are connective tissues found?

A

fluid, loose, and dense types found between layers, binding and connecting structures and organs together - variable

15
Q

What are the characteristics of connective tissue?

A

cells
extracellular matrix:
ground substance: gel or fluid
fibers: elastic, collagen, and/or reticular fibers
More matrix, more extracellular substance, and fewer cells (vs the sheets of epithelial cells)
Pay attention to cell types, and substances that surround the cells in connective TISSUE
Are fluid tissues, loose, and dense connective tissues

Extracellular matrix- stuff outside of the cell
Many types of CT have: fibroblasts, which makes cells that make the ECF

16
Q

What is the function of connective tissue?

A

physical and structural support, binding, storage, transport, immune protection - diverse

17
Q

What are the essential components of connective tissue?

A

Cells
many types each named for function and tissue type
Extracellular Matrix:
Fibers
made of proteins for structure; collagen, elastin, reticulum
Ground substance
gel or fluid

18
Q

What are the 11 types of connective tissue?

A
Areolar
Adipose
Reticular
Dense Regular
Dense Irregular
Elastic
Blood
Hyaline Cartilage
Elastic Cartilage
Fibrocartilage
Osseous (bone)
19
Q

What is areolar CT?

A

If you have to guess, it’s probably this one.
Matrix: fluid-gel containing all fiber types
Cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, white blood cells
Functions: cushions, binds organs, holds body fluids, and defends against infection
Found everywhere – under epithelium, around organs and blood vessels

20
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

Matrix: areolar CT tissue
Cells: adipocytes (fat cells), closely packed
fat globules take up the cytoplasm pushing nucleus to the side
Functions: insulation, cushioning, fuel reserve
Location: under skin, around kidneys, abdomen, breasts

21
Q

What is reticular CT?

A

Matrix: delicate network of interwoven reticular fibers
Cells: free blood cells
Function: form soft supportive skeleton for organs
Location: organs with numerous blood cells- spleen, lymph nodes, bone marrow, liver

22
Q

What is dense regular CT?

A

Strong and flexible-
Matrix: parallel bundles of collagen fibers
Cells: fibroblasts
Function: resist unidirectional stress
Location: tendons – attach muscle to bone, ligaments – attach bone to bone, aligned parallel to applied forces

23
Q

What is dense irregular CT?

A

Withstand forces in many directions
Matrix: randomly arranged bundles of collagen fibers
Cells: fibroblasts
Function: resists multidirectional stress
Location: dermis of the skin, joint capsules

24
Q

What is dense elastic CT?

A

RARE- needed in areas with stretch and strength e.g. aorta
Matrix: parallel bundles of collagen fibers and elastic fibers
Cells: fibroblasts
Function: stretch
Location: in blood vessel walls and respiratory passages, under transitional epithelium, supporting penis, between vertebrae,

25
Q

What is hyaline cartilage?

A

Most common cartilage
Matrix: Collagen fibers in a rubbery fluid
Cells: chondrocytes
appears glassy and uniform
Function: provide structure yet flexible
Location: nose, ends of bones, costal cartilage, tracheal rings
Chrondrocytes- in lacuna

26
Q

What is elastic cartilage?

A

Matrix: elastic fibers in a rubbery fluid
Cells: chondrocytes
Function: very flexible, able to tolerate repeated bending and maintain shape
Location: external ear and the epiglottis

27
Q

What is fibrocartilage?

A

Matrix: packed with collagen fibers
Cells: chondrocytes
Function: withstands heavy pressure, highly compressible
Location: Intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis, and menisci

28
Q

What is osseous tissue?

A
Bone
Matrix: Hard calcium salt with collagen fibers
Cells: osteocytes
Function: structure and protection
Location: bones
29
Q

What is blood?

A

Matrix: plasma and platelets
Cells: Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets
Function: transport of gases, nutrients to/from organs
Location: cardiovascular system