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MSK - 3rd year > 2011 module exam > Flashcards

2011 module exam Flashcards

Anatomy (1-60) Pathology (61-80) Clinical medicine (81-83) Physiology (84-90) Biochemistry (91-98) Pharmacology (99-108) Microbiology (109-129)

1
Q

Which muscle is involved in abduction?

A

Deltoid

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2
Q

Which muscle is responsible for shrugging the shoulder against resistance?

A

Trapezius

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3
Q

What muscle is innervated by the lower subscapular?

A

Teres major

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4
Q

Paralysis of which muscle would result in loss of retraction of the scapula?

A

Rhomboid major

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5
Q

Which muscle initiates abduction?

A

Supraspinatus

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6
Q

Which muscle is responsible for swinging the upper limb anteriorly and posteriorly when walking?

A

Deltoid

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7
Q

Damage to the subscapular nerve would result in loss of which function?

A

Medial rotation

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8
Q

Fracture of What part of the humerus would injure the axillary nerve?

A

Surgical neck

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9
Q

Fracture of what part of the humerus would injure the ulnar nerve?

A

Medial epicondyle

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10
Q

Which muscle is tested by flexion of the forearm against resistance?

A

Brachialis

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11
Q

Which nerve is damaged in loss of opposition of the thumb?

A

Median nerve

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12
Q

A 15-year-old boy came to the emergency room with a waiter’s tip deformity after falling off a horse. Which nerve roots are damaged?

A

C5,C6

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13
Q

A 4-month-old child has a claw hand deformity. Which nerve roots are damaged?

A

C8,T1

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14
Q

Which of the two muscle pairs are the major lateral rotators?

A

Infraspinatous and teres minor

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15
Q

What is the function of the subscapularis muscle?

A

Medial rotation

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16
Q

Which nerve injury results in a wrist drop?

A

Radial nerve

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17
Q

Which nerve when injured results in loss of forearm flexion?

a. Radial n
b. Median n
c. Ulnar n
d. Musculocutaneous n
e. Med cutaneous n

A

d. Musculocutaneous n

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18
Q

Which pair of nerves are responsible for supination of the forearm?

A

Radial and musculocutaneous N

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19
Q

Dislocation of the L2/L3 facet joint damages which of the following?

A

Spinal nerve

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20
Q

Which lymph node are the first to be affected where there is an infection on the medial side of the hand?

A

Humeral lymph nodes

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21
Q

The tendon of which muscle passes through the lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Obturator internus

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22
Q

What is injured in penetrating injury to the cubital fossa?

A

Median nerve

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23
Q

In which artery will the blood flow be reversed when we ligate the second part of the axillary artery?

A

Subscapular artery

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24
Q

A vein in the ankle is cannulated and the patient feels pain that radiates to the medial borders of the foot and leg, which nerve might have been affected?

A

Saphenous nerve

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25
Q

In which vein does the lesser saphenous vein drain?

a. Femoral
b. Popliteal
c. Tibial

A

b. Popliteal

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26
Q

Which nerve when injured results in loss of extension of the forearm?

A

Radial nerve

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27
Q

Which ligament prevents hyperextension of the hip joint?

A

Illiofemoral

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28
Q

Which of the following structures is injured by strong hyper-eversion?

A

Deltoid ligament

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29
Q

Which bone is affected in dancer’s fracture?

A

Metatarsals

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30
Q 
Injury to which of the following structures will result in loss of function of the subclavius?
A) medial cord
B) lateral cord
C) posterior cord
D) superior trunk
E) middle trunk
F) musculocutanous nerve
G) median nerve
H) axillary nerve
A

D) superior trunk

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31
Q 
injury to which of the following structures will result in loss of function of the subscapularis?
A) medial cord
B) lateral cord
C) posterior cord
D) superior trunk
E) middle trunk
F) musculocutanous nerve
G) median nerve
H) axillary nerve
A

C) posterior cord

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32
Q

Compression of the C6 ramus would affect which area?

A

lateral forearm

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33
Q

Compression of the C8 ramus would affect which area?

A

medial forearm

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34
Q

Which muscle is responsible for abduction and flexion of the hand at the wrist?

A

Flexor carpi radialis

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35
Q

Which muscle is responsible for flexion of the proximal interphalangeal joints and metacarpophalangeal joints?

A

Flexor digitorum superficialis

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36
Q

Which nerve, when damaged, will result in loss of sensation to the medial one and a half fingers?

A

Ulnar nerve

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37
Q

Which nerve is responsible for innervation of the major part of vertebral column?

A

Recurrent branch

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38
Q

Which of these is the main artery that supplies the head and neck of the femur?

A

Medial circumflex artery

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39
Q

Which of the following supplies inferior gamellus?

A

Nerve to quadrates femoris

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40
Q

Which muscle is likely to be affected in piriformis syndrome?

A

Biceps femoris

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41
Q

The tendon of which of the following muscles exits [or passes] the knee joint to attach to the tibia?

A

Semitendinosus

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42
Q

Which of these is an expansion of the semimembranosus?

a. oblique popliteal ligament
b. medial collateral ligament
c. patellar ligament

A

a. oblique popliteal ligament

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43
Q

When a person stands on one leg, the pelvis drops on the other side. Which muscle is affected?

A

Gluteus medius

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44
Q

Which nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg?

a. Femoral nerve
b. Common fibular nerve
c. Deep fibular nerve
d. Superficial fibular nerve

A

c. Deep fibular nerve

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45
Q

The lateral sural nerve is a branch of which nerve?

a. Femoral nerve
b. Tibial nerve
c. Obturator nerve
d. Superficial peroneal nerve
e. Common fibular nerve

A

e. Common fibular

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46
Q

What innervates the semitendinosus?

a. Femoral nerve
b. Tibial nerve
c. Obturator nerve
d. Superficial peroneal nerve
e. Common fibular nerve

A

b. Tibial nerve

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47
Q

Which of these is attached to the medial meniscus?

a. Fibular collateral ligament
b. Tibial collateral ligament
c. Lower border of the patella
d. Medial to the patellar ligament
e. Deltoid ligament

A

b. Tibial collateral ligament

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48
Q

What is lost when the common peroneal is compressed at the level of the head of the fibula?

A

Eversion

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49
Q

An elderly man fractured his hip. Which of the following is involved?

A

Neck of the femur

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50
Q

What is the most powerful plantar-flexor of the ankle joint?

A

Gastrocnemius

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51
Q

A person is unable to extend the knee joint. Which nerve is damaged?

A

Femoral nerve

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52
Q

Which of the following is has the most profound effect in destabilization of the knee joint [or paralysis of which muscle destabilizes the knee joint]?

A

Loss of function of the quadriceps femoris

53
Q

Which of the following leg muscles flexes the knee?

A

Gastrocnemius

54
Q

Which of the following is fractured during extreme/hyper dorsiflexion of the foot?

A

Talus

55
Q

Which mesoderm gives the myotome?

A

Paraxial

56
Q

Which of the following gives rise to the vertebra?

A

Sclerotome

57
Q

What will result from failure of fusion of the two vertebral arches?

A

Spina bifida

58
Q

What will result from non-ossification of one of the vertebral centers?

A

scoliosis

59
Q

What is the most important function of the intervertebral disk?

A

Shock absorber

60
Q

What articulates with the medial and lateral malleoli?

A

Talus

61
Q

Which muscle is the primary dorsiflexor and invertor?

A

Tibialis anterior

62
Q

Which of the following diseases is characterized by a mosaic pattern of bone and occurs in the elderly?

A

Paget’s disease

63
Q

A child with vitamin D defieciency:

A

Rickets

64
Q

Which of the following is a feature of dermatomyocitis?

A

Perifascicular atrophy

65
Q

A 14-year-old boy sustained a humeral fracture following a fall from his bike 6 hours ago. What would be found at this stage?

A

Hematoma with an acute inflammation

66
Q

Non-union of a spirally fractured bone would result in what?

A

Pseudoarthrosis

67
Q

Gram-negative diplococcic with inflammation:

A

septic arthritis

68
Q

Which of the following muscles diseases is characterized by ragged red fibers?

A

Mitochondrial disease

69
Q

Which of the following muscle diseases is characterized by muscles that are PAS positive?

A

Pompe’s disease

PAS= periodic acid-Schiff; PAS positive lymphocyte vacuoles

70
Q

Where do you see subchondral cyst and degeneration of articular cartilage?

A

Osteoarthritis

71
Q

A 50-year-old woman with Rheumatoid arthritis since age 20 presents with heavy proteinuria. What do you expect to in the kidney biopsy?

A

Amyloid

72
Q

You take a blood sample from a number of participants and when you screen them you find low specificity, low antigen affinity IgM antibodies directed to self antigens. What is the explanation?

A

They are self-reactive non-pathogenic antibodies normally found in the body

73
Q

A woman suffers from myalgia and is positive for anti-nuclear antibodies. She later develops glomerulonephritis. What is the cause?

A

Immune complex deposition

74
Q

What is found in the center of gouty tophi?

A

Monosodium urate

75
Q

A 70-year-old obese woman with stiffness in both knee joints and loss of articular cartilage. What is the diagnosis?

A

Osteoarthritis

76
Q

A 15-year-old boy is complaining of pain and swelling in his leg. Needle core biopsy of a tumor in his femur shows lace-like pink material, atypical cells with dark nuclei, and mitosis. What is the diagnosis?

A

Osteosarcoma

77
Q

A patient presents with a deep-seated tumor in the thigh. Biopsy shows bundles of spindle-shaped cells with cigar shaped nuclei, necrosis, mitosis, and nuclear atypia. What is the diagnosis?

A

Leiomyosarcoma

78
Q

A patient presents with a superficial well-defined tumor composed of mature adipocytes. What is the diagnosis?

A

Lipoma

79
Q

A histological specimen from a well-defined tumor showed vascular spaces filled with blood. What is the diagnosis?

A

Hemangioma

80
Q

A 50-year-old man develops fever, swelling and severe pain in the metatarsophalangeal joint of the big toe. He also has white depositions in his ear. He had recurrent episodes of the same problem 3 times in the same year. What is the diagnosis?

A

Gouty arthritis

81
Q

What would you see in radiology of the knee in osteoarthritis?

A

Osteophyte formation

82
Q

What are crystals seen in a chronic inflammatory disease and are flat, rectangular, and notched?

A

Cholesterol

83
Q

What will synovial fluid analysis in a 70- year-old female with osteoarthritis show?

A

Clear viscous fluid with WBCs between 200-2000

84
Q

What is a feature of fast muscle fibers?

A

Few mitochondria

85
Q

What generates maximal force of contraction?

A

100% overlap between actin and myosin

86
Q

Which of the following is responsible for the ATP dependent power stroke?

A

Myosin head

87
Q

What is the effect of tetrodotoxin?

A

Inhibits action potential formation

88
Q

What is the effect of black spider widow toxin?

A

Calcium independent excessive exocytosis

alpha-latrotoxin

89
Q

Which of the following is responsible for unidirectional propagation of action potential?

A

Hyperpolarization during the refractory period

90
Q

Which proteins are involved in the docking of vesicles to the membrane?

A

Syntaxin and synaptobrevin

91
Q

Which of the following functions as an immediate source of ATP in muscles?

A

Creatine phosphate

92
Q

What enzyme generates an ATP molecule from 2 ADP molecules?

A

Adenylate kinase

93
Q

What is responsible for the extended structure of proteoglycans?

A

Polysaccharides with charge [charged polysaccharides]

94
Q

Which amino acid is modified to generate covalent cross-linkage in collagen molecules?

A

Lysine

95
Q

Which of the following is the most direct precursor for uric acid synthesis?

A

Hypoxanthine

96
Q

Which organ is most likely to be affected by mitochondrial dysfunction?

A

Muscles

97
Q

A 14-year-old boy presents with exercise intolerance and lactic acidosis. What is the likely mechanism?

A

Mutation in mitochondrial t-RNA

98
Q

Which enzyme do we inhibit to prevent recurrent attacks of gout?

A

Xanthine oxidase

99
Q

Why do we give paracetamol and not aspirin to a 3-year-old child with fever?

A

To avoid Reye’s syndrome

100
Q

What is a selective COX-2 inhibitor?

A

Celecoxib

101
Q

Which of the following is an irreversible inhibitor of COX?

A

Aspirin

102
Q

Which of the following drugs is an anti-pyretic and analgesic but has low anti-inflammatory activity?

A

Paracetamol

103
Q

What is the drug that inhibits IL-2 production?

A

Cyclosporine A

104
Q

The toxicity of which drug is facilitated by allopurinol?

A

Azathioprine

105
Q

Which of the following drugs is an effective chelator of copper and is used in Wilson’s disease?

A

D-penicillamine

106
Q

Which of the following drugs is an inhibitor of dihydroorate reductase?

A

Ieflunomide

107
Q

The function of which drug is enhanced by allopurinol?

A

Azathioprine

108
Q

Which drug is metabolized to a competitive inhibitor of xanthine oxidase?

A

allopurinol

109
Q

What commonly causes acute osteomyelitis?

A

Staphylococcus aureus

110
Q

A 3-year-old child has osteomyelitis. What is the causative organism?

A

Hemophilus infleunzae

111
Q

What type of bone is affected by chronic osteomyelitis caused by M. tuberculosis?

A

Vertebra

112
Q

Antibody to which molecule is diagnostic of SLE?

A

ds-DNA

Anti-dsDNA antibodies and ANA antibodies are SLE specific

113
Q

Someone who works with cattle and develops sacroiliitis. What is the causative organism?

A

Brucella abortus

114
Q

What causes chronic osteomyelitis of the sacroiliac and sternoclavicular joint?

A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

115
Q

A 55-year-old man respiratory symptoms, muscle tenderness, and diffuse myalgia. What is the viral cause?

A

Influenza A

116
Q

Which virus causes dilated cardiomyopathy?

A

Coxsackie B

117
Q

A patient has arthritis as a result of immune complex deposition. What is the viral cause?

A

Hepatitis B

118
Q

A 25-year-old woman has a macular rash on the face and polyarthritis. What is the cause?

A

Parvovirus B19

Rubella has a mculo-papular rash, Parvovirus has a lacy rash

119
Q

A man in Ohio presents with a bone infection. Biopsy shows intracellular budding yeast. What is the cause?

A

Histoplasmosis

120
Q

Broad based budding yeast indicate which organism?

A

Blastomycetes

121
Q

Which of the following causes mild self-limiting arhtirtis [desert rheumatism]?

A

Coccidiomycosis

122
Q

A neutropenic patient suffers from an infection. Biopsy shows septate hyphae branched at acute angles. What is the cause?

A

Aspergillosis

123
Q

Aneutropenic patient with a catheter suffers from an infection at the catheter site. Biopsy shows nonseptate hyphae. What is the cause?

A

Mucoralis

124
Q

Which of the following is associated with a higher risk of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

HLA-DR

125
Q

Which of the following cytokines activates T-cells in a rheumatoid joint?

A

IL-6

126
Q

Which of the following cytokines is increased in SLE?

A

IL-4

127
Q

Which of the following is responsible for nonspecific tissue damage in SLE?

A

Immune complex deposition

128
Q

DMARDs [disease modifying anti-rheumatic drugs] were developed against which of the following cytokines [Which cytokine is now targeted as therapy for rheumatoid arthritis]?

A

TNF-α

129
Q

What causes septic arthritis in a diabetic patient?

A

Streptococcus agalacteiae

diabetic+septic arthritis= Streptococcus agalacteiae
diabetic+osteomyelitis= Pseudomonas aeruginosa

MSK - 3rd year (19 decks)

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