Parts of plasma - 3
Water 92%
Proteins - 7%
Albumin - 58% of proteins
Parts of blood - 3
Plasma - 55%
Erythrocytes - 44%
Platelets and WBC - 1%
Functions of blood - 3
Transportation - O2, Nutrients, CO2, wastes
Regulation - pH - bicarbonate, heat, pressure
Protection - clot, WBC for immunity & fight infection
pH range of blood
7.35 - 7.45
Buffy Coat - other material in blood made of - 2
Platelets
Leukocytes - Neutrophils, Lymphocytes, Monocytes, Eosinophils, Basophils
hematocrit high/low
significant drop is anemia
abnormally high is polycythemia - high BP, stroke
Hematopoiesis occurs places in fetus - 5
large amounts yolk sac, liver, bone marrow
small amounts spleen, lymph nodes
Adult bone marrow where, stem cells 3
axial skeleton
pluripotent stem produces myeloid and lymphoid stems
Lymphoid produce lymphocytes - B & T cells
Myeloid everything else
Formed elements - 7
RBC - Erythrocytes
Platelets - thrombocytes, from megakaryocytes
Basophils - mast cells
monocytes - macrophages
eosinophils
neutrophils - Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN)
lymphocytes - B, T, NK
RBC and platelet production - growth factors, where
Erythropoietin EPO - increases RBC precursors, kidney
Thrombopoietin TPO - platelets from megakaryocytes, liver
blood grouping component
glycolipids and glycoproteins act as antigen on RBC - ABO grouping
Hemoglobin makeup 2, carries how much of CO2
Globin - 4 polypeptide chains
Heme - non-protein pigment, holds Fe2+ iron ion
carries 23% of CO2
sickle cell survival benefit
heterozygotes (both actually but…) malaria
Blood Buffer
Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme CO2+H2O to carbonic acid
Spontaneously to bicarbonate + H+
Acts as buffer, too acidic or too basic
Bicarbonate transports 70% CO2
Erythropoiesis - 2 precursors, where, process
starts in bone marrow
Proerythroblast first precursor, Reticulocyte - lacks nucleus, still has some other components
Hypoxia -> kidneys stimulated to release EPO, speeds development of Proerythroblasts to reticulocytes, raises O2 carrying capacity in blood
RBC lifespan, where destroyed by what
120 days
spleen, liver, red bone marrow phagocytize
macrophages
RBC breaks down into - 6
iron - transferred to marrow by transferrin
Biliverdin - green
Bilirubin - yellow, released into sm. intestines
Urobilinogen - breakdown of bilirubin in lg. intestines
urobilin - breakdown of urobilinogen, secreted in urine
Stercobilin - breakdown of urobilinogen, excreted in feces
granulocytes -3, and ID
Neutrophil - 3-5 lobes of nucleus
Eosinophil - 2 lobes
Basophil - stain prevents seeing nucleus
Agranulocytes - 2
Lymphocytes
Monocytes
Leukocytosis
fight against infection - good
WBC that circulates btw blood, ISF, lymph
lymphocytes
WBC leaving cardiovascular tree
emigration, diapedesis
Aglutination
clot formed by antigen + antibody
Anemia requires 3
Lowered RBC, Hemoglobin, Hematocrit
normal amounts of WBC in blood 5 + neumonic
Never Let My Engine Blow 60% Neutrophils 30% Lymphocytes 6% Monocytes 3% Eosinophils 0% Basophils
Why is Neutrophil High Low
High: Bacterial Infection
Low: Vitamin B12 deficiency
Why is Lymphocyte High Low
High: Viral Infection
Low: Prolonged illness
Why is Monocyte High Low
High: Viral/Fungal infection
Low: Bone Marrow Suppression
Why is Eosinophil High Low
High: Parasitic Infection
Low: Drug Toxicity
Why is Basophil High Low
High: Allergic reaction
Low: Pregnancy, ovulation
Why is Platelet Count High Low
High: Excessive Alcohol intake
Low: Large spleen
Iron Deficiency Anemia - 4
Bleeding loses RBCs faster than replaced
Body does not make enough RBCs
Symptoms fatigue, depression, fainting, hair loss, irritability, poor appetite
MCV and MCHC will likely be low, RDW may be increased.
Hemolytic Disease of Newborn HDN
Rh- mother, first child Rh+
End of pregnancy/Delivery, blood leaks baby to mom
Mom’s blood develops anti-Rh+ antigens
Second fetus Rh+, mom’s antibodies cross placenta, agglutination and hemolysis with fetal blood
First reaction mostly IgM, large, can’t cross blood vessel. Second reaction IgG (memory), small, crosses placenta.
Product Rogam prevents HDN.
phagocytosis - what, which leukocytes
ingest and dispose of bacteria, dead matter
Neutrophils, macrophages, eosinophils
chemotaxis
movement of phagocytes following chemical trail
how neutrophils destroy pathogens - 3
lysozyme
strong oxidants - h2o2, o2-
How Eosinophils work - 2
anti-histamines
effective against parasites
how basophils work - 3
leave capillaries at infection
release histamine, heparin, serotonin
responsible for allergic reactions - hypersensitivity
lymphocytes - where, types - 3
majority of existence in lymphoid tissue, lymph, blood
B cells, T cells, NK
Platelet development, demise - 2
TPO causes myeloid to megakaryoblast to megakaryocyte splinter to 2000 to 3000 platelets
Dead platelets -> macrophages in spleen, liver
Hemostasis 3 parts
Smooth muscle constricts blood vessel
Platelet plug formation
Blood clotting
Platelet Plug formation
Platelets stick to vessel collagen fibers - platelet adhesion
Due to adhesion, platelets activated, extend appendages to others
Platelet release - release granules
ADP makes platelets more sticky, platelet aggregation
Blood Clotting - 2 pathways, element they produce, 4 factors
2 pathways - extrinsic (tissue trauma), intrinsic (blood trauma)
1972 - clotting factors II, VII, IX, X require vitamin K. Warfarin also makes them not clot.
Extrinsic and Intrinsic both produce Prothrombinase enzyme
Blood Clotting - pathways to what they produce to work with platelets, and what breaks it down
Prothrombinase catalyses prothrombin +Ca2 -> thrombin -> fibrinogen +Ca2 -> loose fibrin -> stabilized fibrin
plasmin breaks down clot, stabilized fibrin, loose fibrin, fibrinogen
fibrinolytic system
dissolves small inappropriate clots, clots where repair is done
plasminogen built into all clots
cleaved to plasmin by some factors
Anticoagulants- 5
delay, suppress, or prevent blood clotting
Heparin - surgery
Warfarin - 1972
aspirin - inhibits vasoconstriction, blocks platelet aggregation
streptokinase (strep bacteria), urokinase (in urine)
embolus/thrombus
clot in unbroken blood vessel - thrombus
embolus - blood clot, air bubble, fat, debris transported by blood stream
ABO, Rh factor
A/B antigen -> A/B blood, A+B -> AB, none -> O
A blood develops anti B antibodies, none for AB, both for O
A antigen + Anti A antibody agglutination (clump), hemolysis, damage kidneys
Rh+ has antigens, Rh- develops antibodies after exposed once