18.8 Pancreas Flashcards
pancreas (location)
- both exocrine and endocrine organ
- in abdominopelvic cavity, between inferior border of the stomach and proximal portion of the small intestine
endocrine clusters of the pancreas are known as _____
pancreatic islets.. only 1% of cells in pancreas
islets contain four types of cells:
- Alpha cells
- Beta cells
- Delta cells
- F cells
Alpha cells
produce, effects
-produce glucagon (raises blood glucose levels by increasing rates of glycogen breakdown and glucose release by liver
Beta cells
produce, effects
- produce insulin (lowers blood glucose levels by increasing uptake and utilization by body cells, and inc glycogen synthesis in skeletal muscles and liver.
- secrete amylin (role unknown)
Delta cells
-produce somatostatin (GH-IH) (suppresses release of glucagon and insulin, slows food absorption & enzyme secretion in digestive tract)
F cells
-produce pancreatic polypeptide ( inhibits gallbladder contractions, regulates production of some pancreatic enzymes. May help control rate of nutrient absorption.)
insulin effects
Secreted when glucose is abundant
- accelerate glucose uptake and utilization, and enhance ATP production
- stimulate glycogen formation (skeletal muscles and liver cells)
- stimulates amino acid absorption & protein synthesis
- stimulate triglyceride formation in adipose tissue
glucagon effects
- breakdown of glycogen in liver and skeletal muscels
- breakdown of triglycerides in adipose tissue
- production & release of glucose by liver
diabetes mellitus
what is it? causes?
sugars accumulate in blood and urine as a result of faulty glucose metabolism
-genetic abnormalities, mutations, obesity accelerates onset
hyperglycemia
high glucose levels in blood
glycosuria
glucose in urine
polyuria
excessive urine
diabetic neuropathy
peripheral nerve problems due to abnormal blood flow to neural tissue
diabetic retinopathy
partial or complete blindness due to proliferation of capillaries and hemorrhaging at the retina
