acquired immunity characterized by:
discrimination, diversity, memory
2 components of acquired?
humoural and cell-mediated
what is humoural?
produce Ab by beta cells (made in bone marrow) in response to antigen
what is cell mediated?
activation of T cells (develop in thymus) for control of intracell microbes
main cells of acquired?
dendritic, T helper, T cytotoxic, B
another name for Ab?
immunoglobulins
if antigen too big, only an ____ (small portion of it) can stim production of Ab
epitope
single Ab has __ polypep chains and __ ends
4; 2 (constant and variable0
Ig has __ antigen binding sites
2
when Bcell encounters its antigen, triggered to divide into:
Ab-producing plasma cells or memory cells
what is clonal deletion theory?
“self tolerance”: during embryonic development, set of B cells against alll possible antigens produced–>when developing B cell encounter self antigen, binding of self antigen causes B cell to die–>only Bcells carrying receptors for non-self antigens released from bone marrow and enter circ.
main antibody of circulation, able to cross placenta
IgG
found in secretions and blocks attachment of microbes to mucosal tissue surfaces
IgA
forms large complexes with antigen which are easily cleared
IgM
involved in development of allergies
IgE
function is unclear for this Ig
IgD
first time exposure leads to production of first ___ then ____
IgM, IgG
second exposure gives stronger and faster ___ response
IgG
what does Ab-antigen binding accomplish?
interacts with parts of innate immunity, opsonization, neutralization, agglutination
what is agglutination?
clumping of antigen+Ab (larger clumps better filtered out and phagocytosed)
what does it mean to have Type A blood?
have Type A antigen in RBC, plasma has anti-B antibodies
what does it mean to have AB blood?
both types of antigen but no antibodies
what does it mean to have O blood?
both antibodies but no antigen
2 types lab production of Ab?
polyclonal, monoclonal
what is polyclonal Ab?
purify antigen–>inject in mammal which will recognize as foreign–>inject w/ second booster dose of antigen–>withdraw serum containing Ig (which is antiserum that will contain diff Ig for each epitope)
what is monoclonal Ab?
inject antigen into mouse to gen. Ig-producing plasma cells –> remove plasma cells and fuse with immortal tumor cells (hybridoma) –>isolate/regrow each hybridoma to find which one is making Ig to antigen of interest
pharmaceuticals that are monoclonal antibodies are usually notated with ___
“…mab”
purpose of CMI?
eliminate human cells infected w/ microbe, eliminate self cells which have become threat, regulate function of cells involved in innate immunity/humoural immunity
CMI mediated by ___
T cells (T lymphocytes)
both helper and cytotoxic released from thymus in ___ staet
inactive
contact of receptor and antigen triggers TH or TC to divide into:
functional or memory
fxn of helper T cell
secrete cytokines that help other immune cells work better (^ phagocytic activity, stim. develop of B cells)
fxn of cytotoxic T cell
attach to target antigen and release toxin containing granules to kill–>recycled for future use
aquired immune sys is :
inducible, discriminates, remembers, adaptive
how diff parts of imm. sys. communicate?
cytokines (regulate intensity and duration of response, regulate proper development of immune sys)
4 main families of cytokines
chemokines, hematopoietins, IL, TNF
what do chemokines do?
attract phagocytes, regulate inflammatory response
what do hematopoietins (colony stim factors) do?
stim and regulate blood cell formation
what does IL do?
regulate G and D of lymphocytes, endogenous pyrogen, other effects
what does TNF do?
promote inflammation/fever, stim immune sys, help regulate production of other cytokines/GF
significance of cytokines in health?
1) disease potential if balance upset (high lvls in cancer, low lvl chronic stim in TB causing wt loss, cytokine storm in some infections causing blood clotting and organ damage)
2) therapeutic potential (drugs like IL-2 for renal cancer, Humira for Ab against TNF and for reducing inflammation)
most important info must know about HUMIRA?
test for TB before starting