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pathology > 16- Diseases of the Integument > Flashcards

16- Diseases of the Integument Flashcards

1
Q

Color is due to pigments.

  • Melanin
  • Carotene
  • Hemoglobin
    • Cyanosis
A

Skin color

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2
Q

Yellow to black (melanocytes)

A

Melanin

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3
Q

Yellow

A

Carotene

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4
Q

Reddish.

A

Hemoglobin

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5
Q

Bluish color of hemoglobin due to lack of oxygen.

A

Cyanosis

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6
Q
  • Albinism

- Vitiligo (leukoderma)

A

Defects of skin color

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7
Q

Autosomal recessive inherited genetic defect causing lack of or deficient production of melanin (pigment) in the skin, hair, or eyes.

  • Risk of skin cancer and sensitivity to light
  • Hypopigmentation in the hair, eyelashes, retina
  • Transillumination of the iris
A

Albinism

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8
Q

Progressive skin disorder manifested by destruction of melanocytes (little or no melanin in certain areas of the body).

  • Marked by white patches of skin, colorless hair, abnormalities or inflammation of retina or iris of the eyes.
  • It can begin at any age but about 50% of the time it starts before age 20.
  • Cause is not known
A

Vitiligo

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9
Q
  • Immune system disorders
  • Hereditary
  • Sunburn
  • Emotional distress
A

Possible risk factors of Vitiligo

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10
Q

Inflammation of the sebaceous (oil) glands and hair follicles of the skin.

- Blackhead
- Whitehead
A

Acne

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11
Q

Open acne.

A

Blackhead (oxidized)

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12
Q

Closed acne.

A

Whitehead (infected)

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13
Q

Most common; affects more than 90% of adolescence in the US.

A

Acne vulgaris

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14
Q

Endocrine disorder due to increased production of sex hormones. Increase in size and activity of sebaceous glands on face, neck, chest, back, heredity or food allergies.

A

Etiology of Acne Vulgaris

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15
Q
  • Chronic dandruff, cradle cap in infants.
  • Common, inflammatory skin disorder affecting areas of the head (scalp, eyebrows, eyelashes, behind ears, sides of nose) and trunk where sebaceous glands are prominent.
    • Probably caused by inflammatory response to the body’s normal flora (Pitorosporum ovale yeast)
A

Seborrheic Dermatitis (Seborrhea)

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16
Q
  • Increased production of sebum (oil)

- Inflammation of the skin causes dry to greasy. flaky, white to yellowish to red scales

A

Symptoms of seborrheic dermatitis (seborrhea)

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17
Q

Specific pathologic structural or functional changes, or both brought about by disease or injury, encapsulated, bacterial skin infection.

  • Etiology - staphylococcus
  • Need to be open and surgically drained
A

Inflammatory lesions

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18
Q
  • Inflammation
  • Infection
  • Pain
A

Inflammatory lesions

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19
Q
  • Abscess
  • Carbuncle
  • Furuncle
A

Types of inflammatory lesions

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20
Q

Localized, circumscribed accumulation of pus.

A

Abscess

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21
Q

Abscess or pyogenic (producing pus) infection of sweat gland or hair follicle.

A

Furuncle (boil)

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22
Q

Several communicating boils of skin and subcutaneous tissues with production and discharge of pus and dead tissue.

A

Carbuncle

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23
Q

Group of bacterial known as Staph.

  • Can cause iillness
    - Directly by infection (skin)
    - Indirectly through toxins (food poisoning)
A

Staphylococcus Infections

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24
Q

A genus of gram-positive, nonmotile, opportunistic bacteria which tend to aggregate in irregular, grape-like clusters.

A

Staph

25
Q
  • Impetigo
A

Type of staphylococcus infection

26
Q

Acute, contagious skin infection (staph or strep) with pus-filled lesions on face and hands (children); local
- Usually due to poor hygiene, malnutrition

A

Impetigo

27
Q

Gram-positive cocci that occur in chains.

  • Often manifested by formation of pus.
  • Associated with wound infection or scarlet fever.
A

Streptococci

28
Q
  • Scarlet fever
A

Type of streptococcus infection

29
Q

Highly contagious; spread by sneezing, coughing.

- May result in serious complications (Heart, kidney disease)

A

Scarlet fever

30
Q
  • Fever
  • Lethargy
  • Sore throat
  • Bumpy rash on skin
  • Flushed cheeks
  • “Strawberry tongue”
A

Symptoms of scarlet fever

31
Q

STD infection.

  • Treponema pallidum bacteria penetrates skin and mucous membranes.
  • Primary stage
  • Secondary stage
  • Tertiary stage if untreated
A

Syphilis

32
Q

Initially painless, highly contagious lesions (chancres); disappear in 3-6 weeks.

A

Primary stage of syphilis

33
Q

3-6 weeks after chancre, skin rash (palms, soles, mouth or whole body), highly contagious, heals within several weeks of months.

A

Secondary stage of syphilis

34
Q

Damage to heart, eyes (blindness), brain and nervous system (mental disorders, insanity, deafness, paralysis and death), bones and joints.

A

Tertiary stage of syphilis

35
Q

Viral skin infection; causes inflammation of skin and clusters of fluid-filled vesicles

  • Herpes simplex virus (HSV-1 or HSV-2)
  • Spread by direct skin contact, treated with acylovir
  • Cold sores
  • Genital herpes
  • Herpes varicella zoster virus
A

Herpes

36
Q

Mouth and nose (HSV-1)

A

Cold sores

37
Q

Lesions on genital area (HSV-2 or HSV-1)

A

Genital herpes

38
Q

Cause chicken pox, highly contagious, by direct contact with skin lesion, most common in children.

A

Herpes varicella zoster virus

39
Q

Acute inflammation of sensory neurons caused by exposure to or reactivation of herpes zoster virus. (same that cause chicken pox in children)
- Occurs in adults with suppressed immunity,, due to trauma, or aging.

A

Shingles (Herpes zoster virus)

40
Q
  • Itching
  • Red rash
  • Small water blisters that follow the course of the affected sensory nerve
  • Pain due to neuritis of sensory nerve
A

Symptoms of Shingles

41
Q

Bacterial infection by Borrelia burgdorferi

- Untreated infection can spread to joints, heart, and nervous system.

A

Lyme disease

42
Q
  • Fever
  • Headache
  • Fatigue
  • Skin rash called erythemia (redness) Migrans (spreading)
A

Lyme disease

43
Q
  • Basal Cell Carcinoma
  • Squamous Cell Carcinoma
  • Melanocytic Nevus (mole)
  • Malignant Melanoma
A

Neoplasms of the integument

44
Q

Cells of the epidermis (basal cell layer) invade the dermis (skin) and hypodermis.

  • Most common, slow growing, least malignant
  • Usually on sun-exposed areas, face, nose, lips
A

Basal cell carcinoma

45
Q
  • Raised lesions

- May bleed and form a crust

A

Symptoms of Basal cell carcinoma

46
Q

More serious than basal cell carcinoma because it grows more rapidly and metastasizes through the lymphatic system.

  • Develops in any squamous epithelium including the skin and mucous membranes.
  • Often on sun exposed areas: scalp, ears, lower lip and hands.
A

Squamous cell carcinoma

47
Q
  • Crusted, firm, red nodule, that ulcerates and bleeds.
A

Symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma

48
Q
  • Actinic kertinosis
  • Chronic ulcers
  • Exposure to some chemicals
A

Predisposing factors of squamous cell carcinoma

49
Q

Small, dark (pigmented) skin growth (epidermis)

  • Most are benign, but atypical (dysplasic nevi) may develop into malignant melanoma.
  • Usually hereditary
  • Most are bigger than a pencil eraser, shape and pigmentation are irregular.
  • Congenital nevi
A

Melanocystic Nevus (mole)

50
Q

More likely to become cancerous than moles that develop after birth, especially if they are more than eight inches in diameter.

A

Congenital nevi

51
Q

Cancer of melanocytes.

  • Most dangerous because it metastasizes rapidly to lymph and blood vessels.
  • In men, majority of these appear on the back, in women, on the legs.
A

Malignant melanoma

52
Q
  • Melanocytic nevus
  • Exposure to some chemicals (arsenic, radium)
  • Related to severe childhood sunburn
  • Warning signs - ABCD rule
A

Predisposing factors for malignant melanoma

53
Q

Damage inflicted by intense heat, electricity, radiation, or certain chemicals, all of which denature cell proteins and cause cell death.

  • Severity depends on:
    • Extent (body area)
    • Degree - depends on which layer(s) of skin are involved.
A

Skin burns

54
Q

Epidermis only

A

First-degree burn

55
Q

Epidermis and upper dermis.

A

Second-degree burn

56
Q

Full thickness of the skin.

A

Third-degree burn

57
Q

Result from: Dehydration (most dangerous) circulatory shock

  • Electrolyte and protein imbalance
  • Infections
  • Renal shut down
  • Extensive scarring
A

Third-degree skin burn complications

58
Q
  • Discolorations
  • Dehydration (dryness/scales)
  • Lesions
  • Pigmentation and depigmented spots
  • Swelling
A

Postmortem conditions

pathology (23 decks)

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