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Flashcards in 14 Learning Disability Deck (28)
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1
Q

What is the WHO definition of LD?

A

Intellectual Disability means a significantly reduced ability to understand new or complex information and to learn and apply new skills

2
Q

How might LD be measured

A

IQ tests

Adaptive Behaviour scales

3
Q

What are the problems with IQ tests?

A

measure skills that aren’t that useful for everyday life
under performance thanks to other disabilities not accounted for
invalid application

4
Q

What problems are associated with AB scales?

A
ignore context of carer support
performance variability amongst settings
assumes actions appropriate to culture
poor performance - lack of opportunity
core skills change over time
5
Q

What are the grades of LD?

A

mild IQ 50-70
Moderate IQ 35-50
Severe IQ 20-35
profound IQ < 20

6
Q

What are the characteristics of mild LD?

A

holds conversations, independence in self-care, basic literacy

7
Q

What are the characteristics of moderate LD?

A

limited language, needs supervision in self care

8
Q

What are the characteristics of severe LD?

A

uses words / gestures for basic needs

marked motor impairment likely

9
Q

What are the characteristics of profound LD?

A

limited gestures or none
severely limited mobility
incontinence

10
Q

What are the problems assessing LD epidemiology in the UK?

A

no UK national register for LD
local GPs may not differentiate LD groups
GP records tend to under-record those with mild LD

11
Q

What is the epidemiology of mild LD?

A

18/1000
associated with poverty and disadvantge
most not in contact with specialist services, and the rates tend to increase in school years

12
Q

What is the epidemiology of more severe LD?

A

3-4/1000 have moderate, severe, or profound LD
more likely to have an organic cause
less association with poverty
high mortality rates result in declining proportion amongst the elderly

13
Q

How can you assist communication? (3)

A
environmental adaptation (signs, colour, coding)
interpreters
assissted communication (braille, symbols)
14
Q

How do communication therapists assisst communication?

A

total communication

15
Q

What are the 3 evangelical phases in LD perception?

A

early 19th century education and humane care
Early 20th century, eugenics, social darwinism
late 20th century normalisation

16
Q

Who first developed the concept of eugenics?

A

Galton in the 1880’s

17
Q

What saw the end of eugenics?

A

post 1945 triumph of ‘universalism’

18
Q

What is the Scandinavian approach to normalisation?

A

emphasises the importance for the disabled person to attain adulthood by overcoming the ordinary challenges of life

19
Q

What is the US approach to normalisation?

A

proposes the importance of LD people being associated with valued social roles

20
Q

How might causes of LD be categorised?

A

preconceptional
prenatal
perinatal
postnatal

21
Q

How might preconceptual causes of LD be assessed?

A

prenatal (DS) or newborn (PKU screening)

22
Q

How might prenatal causes of LD be reduced?

A

folate therapy

reduced alcohol consumption

23
Q

what affects morbidity with LD?

A

60% of those with LD have additional chronic disabilities / disorders

high injury rate

24
Q

Why do those with LD have a high injury rate?

A

impaired risk assessment, sensory, and mobility

higher prevalence of epilepsy

25
Q

How are psychiatric disorders associated with LD?

A

4 times more likely to suffer from common mental disorders from the rest of the population

higher prevalence (10x) of autistic disorders

26
Q

What is the mean life expectancy for those with LD?

A

about 60

27
Q

What are the most common causes of death for those with LD?

A

bronchopneumonia
Cardiovasular disorders
epileptic consequences

28
Q

Why are there problems for those with LD in hospital?

A

hospital not informed in advance that patient has LD
little training with communication
concern about risk to other patients
consent and liability issues not resolved